{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T18:30:18Z","timestamp":1775241018981,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coastal dune ecosystems are highly threatened, and one of the strongest pressures is invasive alien plants (IAPs). Mitigating the negative effects of IAPs requires development of optimal identification and mapping protocols. Remote sensing offers innovative tools that have proven to be very valuable for studying IAPs. In particular, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be very promising, especially in the study of herbaceous invasive species, yet research in UAV application is still limited. In this study, we used UAV images to implement an image segmentation approach followed by machine learning classification for mapping a dune clonal invader (Carpobrotus sp. pl.), calibrating a total of 27 models. Our study showed that: (a) the results offered by simultaneous RGB and multispectral data improve the prediction of Carpobrotus; (b) the best results were obtained by mapping the whole plant or its vegetative parts, while mapping flowers was worse; and (c) a training area corresponding to 20% of the total area can be adequate for model building. Overall, our results highlighted the great potential of using UAVs for Carpobrotus mapping, despite some limitations imposed by the particular biology and ecology of these taxa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T04:31:32Z","timestamp":1673843492000},"page":"503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Coastal Dune Invaders: Integrative Mapping of Carpobrotus sp. pl. (Aizoaceae) Using UAVs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2362-6025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Innangi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5661-4683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavio","family":"Marzialetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8898-7046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirko","family":"Di Febbraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6572-3187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia Teresa Rosario","family":"Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, 00146 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0323-0920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"De Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Environmental Sciences Sect., University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6663-6843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovico","family":"Frate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2738-0651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Finizio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8035-8007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscila","family":"Villalobos Perna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5753-890X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Laura","family":"Carranza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Agardy, T., and Alder, J. 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