{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T03:52:02Z","timestamp":1762660322989,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFD1500103","XDA28080500","2018FY100300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1500103","XDA28080500","2018FY100300"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project for Black Soil Granary","award":["2021YFD1500103","XDA28080500","2018FY100300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1500103","XDA28080500","2018FY100300"]}]},{"name":"National Science &amp; Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China","award":["2021YFD1500103","XDA28080500","2018FY100300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1500103","XDA28080500","2018FY100300"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the remote sensing monitoring of conservation tillage, the acquisition of remote sensing data with high spatial and temporal resolution is critical. The current optical remote sensing images cannot realize both temporal and spatial resolution, especially under cloud and rain interference. Thus, this study employs the enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (ESTARFM) to obtain the normalized difference tillage index (NDTI) with both temporal and spatial resolution estimated by Sentinel\u22122 and MODIS using the Index\u2212then\u2212Blend (IB) and Blend\u2212then\u2212Index (BI) fusion schemes. After comparison, the IB scheme was better than the BI scheme in predicting results and prediction efficiency. The NDTI predicted by ESTARFM and Sentinel\u22122 on June 12, 2020 was compared. A coefficient of determination R2 of 0.73 and RMSE of 0.000117 was obtained, indicating a high prediction accuracy, which meets the prediction requirements. Based on the predicted ESTARFM NDTI of the study area on May 17, 2021, the maize residue cover (MRC) of the study area was estimated using the previously constructed MRC unary linear regression model. The MRC of the sampling points of the remote sensing images was estimated by verifying the predicted ESTARFM NDTI with the MRC of the sampling points taken in the field extracted by the maximum likelihood classifier, which has a coefficient of determination R2 of 0.78 and RMSE of 0.00676, signifying better prediction results. The proposed method provides considerable data sources for the remote sensing monitoring studies of conservation tillage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T04:31:32Z","timestamp":1673843492000},"page":"508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Classification of Conservation Tillage Using Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dapeng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3590-6358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China"}]},{"given":"Kaishan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China"}]},{"given":"Boyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China"}]},{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China"}]},{"given":"Weijian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS, Changchun 130102, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"The bottleneck and breakthrough path of the conservation tillage development in black soil of northeast China","volume":"2","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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