{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T05:52:51Z","timestamp":1764827571718,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department","award":["22JK0248","61871059","2021KWZ-08","2022TD-41"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JK0248","61871059","2021KWZ-08","2022TD-41"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22JK0248","61871059","2021KWZ-08","2022TD-41"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JK0248","61871059","2021KWZ-08","2022TD-41"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi","award":["22JK0248","61871059","2021KWZ-08","2022TD-41"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JK0248","61871059","2021KWZ-08","2022TD-41"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi","award":["22JK0248","61871059","2021KWZ-08","2022TD-41"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JK0248","61871059","2021KWZ-08","2022TD-41"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the satellite signals are blocked, it is difficult to obtain the vehicle position in the tunnels. We propose a single-site vehicle localization scheme for the rectangular tunnel environment, where most satellite-based positioning methods can not provide the required localization accuracy. In the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios, we make use of the reflection paths as assistants for vehicle positioning. Specifically, first, the virtual stations are established based on the actual geometrical structure of the tunnel. Second, we use the direction-of-arrival (DOA) and time-of-arrival (TOA) information of reflection paths from two tunnel walls to achieve vehicle positioning. Especially, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the joint TOA and DOA localization for NLOS propagations in a two-dimensional (2D) space is derived. In addition, based on the localization algorithms with and without filters, we assess the localization performance. In the line-of-sight (LOS) scenarios, we use the LOS path and two reflection paths from the tunnel walls to estimate the vehicle location. First, virtual base stations are established. Second, based on the obtained TOA information, different positioning algorithms are used to estimate the vehicle location. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed positioning approach can provide a small root mean square error. The localization algorithms using filters improve the localization accuracy, compared with the positioning algorithm without using filters, namely, the two-stage weighted least squares (TSWLS) algorithm. Moreover, the Unscented Particle Filter (UPF) algorithm achieves better positioning accuracy than other methods (i.e., Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), TSWLS algorithms).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T05:30:07Z","timestamp":1673847007000},"page":"527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Single-Site Vehicle Positioning Method in the Rectangular Tunnel Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6137-8061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suying","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1675-1445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9637-424X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Control Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710021, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2015.07.020","article-title":"Localization in vehicular ad hoc networks using data fusion and V2V communication","volume":"71","author":"Golestan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. 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