{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T17:52:48Z","timestamp":1771955568655,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFB0500502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0500502"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFB0500505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0500505"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The space-based infrared observatory of aircraft in the air has the advantages of wide-area, full-time, and passive detection. The optical design parameters for space-based infrared sensors strongly rely on target observed radiation, but there is still a lack of insight into the causes of aircraft observation properties and the impact of instrument performance. A simulation model of space-based observed aircraft infrared characteristics was constructed for this provision, coupling the aircraft radiance with background radiance and instrument performance effects. It was validated by comparing the model predictions to data from both space-based and ground-based measurements. The validation results reveal the alignment between measurements and model predictions and the dependence of overall model accuracy on the background. Based on simulations, the radiance contributions of aircraft and background are quantitatively evaluated, and the detection spectral window for flying aircraft and its causes are discussed in association with instrumental performance effects. The analysis results indicate that the target-background (T-B) contrast is higher in the spectral ranges where aircraft radiation makes an important contribution. The background radiance plays a significant role overall, while the observed radiance at 2.5\u20133\u03bcm is mainly from skin reflection and plume radiance. The skin-reflected radiation absence affects the model reliability, and its reduction at nighttime reduces the T-B contrast. The difference in T-B self-radiation and the stronger atmospheric attenuation for background contribute to the higher contrast at 2.7 \u03bcm compared to the other spectral bands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15020535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T02:58:16Z","timestamp":1673924296000},"page":"535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Analysis of Space-Based Observed Infrared Characteristics of Aircraft in the Air"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jiyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Key Laboratory of Precision Opto-Mechatronics Technology, Ministry of Education, 37# Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Huijie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Key Laboratory of Precision Opto-Mechatronics Technology, Ministry of Education, 37# Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Beihang University, 37# Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Xingfa","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Key Laboratory of Precision Opto-Mechatronics Technology, Ministry of Education, 37# Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9# Dengzhuang South Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9# Dengzhuang South Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Lifeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9# Dengzhuang South Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, 6# Waiguan Slanting Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100011, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Infrared Perception, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500# Yu Tian Road, Shanghai 200083, China"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, 6# Waiguan Slanting Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100011, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2368-0163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guorui","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Key Laboratory of Precision Opto-Mechatronics Technology, Ministry of Education, 37# Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Zengren","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Key Laboratory of Precision Opto-Mechatronics Technology, Ministry of Education, 37# Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.05.131","article-title":"Airline Route Profitability Analysis and Optimization Using BIG DATA Analyticson Aviation Data Sets under Heuristic Techniques","volume":"87","author":"Kasturi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. 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