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This study was designed to examine the relative contributions of the hydrological surface condition changes and climate change in the flood runoff of a 45,421-km2 watershed in the Loess Plateau region. Statistical analytical methods, including Kendall\u2019s trend test, the Theisen median trend analysis, and cumulative anomaly method, were used to detect trends in the relationship between the climatic variables, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), land use\/cover change (LUCC) data, and observed flood runoff. A grid-cell distributed rainfall\u2013runoff model was used to detect the quantitative hydrologic responses to the climatic variability and land-use change. We found that climatic variables were not statistically significantly different (p &gt; 0.05) over the study period. From 1985 to 2013, the cropland area continued to decrease, while the forest land, pastures, and residential areas increased in the Jinghe River Basin. Affected by LUCC and climate change, the peak discharges and flood volumes decreased by 8\u201322% and 5\u201367%, respectively. This study can provide a reference for future land-use planning and flood runoff control policy formulation and for revision in the study area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T05:36:55Z","timestamp":1673933815000},"page":"550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Flood Runoff Simulation under Changing Environment, Based on Multiple Satellite Data in the Jinghe River Basin of the Loess Plateau, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9426-3674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiqiang","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water and Environment, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Monitoring, Modelling and Early Warning of Watershed Spatial Hydrology International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water and Environment, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Monitoring, Modelling and Early Warning of Watershed Spatial Hydrology International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Land Consolidation Engineering Technology Research Center, Xi\u2019an 710075, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710075, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water and Environment, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Monitoring, Modelling and Early Warning of Watershed Spatial Hydrology International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8277-2930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pingping","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water and Environment, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Monitoring, Modelling and Early Warning of Watershed Spatial Hydrology International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.07.003","article-title":"Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis","volume":"319","author":"Huntington","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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