{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T21:31:47Z","timestamp":1769635907176,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Basic and Applied Basic Research of Guangdong Province","award":["2020A1515111189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020A1515111189"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prefabricated steel box girders (SBGs) are widely adopted in bridge engineering due to their light weight and low lifecycle cost. To smoothly assemble SBG components on a construction site, it is necessary to inspect their geometric quality and ensure that all the as-is SBG components have the correct dimensions. However, the traditional inspection method is time-consuming and error-prone. This study developed a non-contact geometric quality assessment technique based on 3D laser scanning to accurately assess the locations and dimensions of SBG components. First, a robust normal-based region-growing algorithm was developed to divide the SBG components into segments with different labels. The scanned data related to the T ribs were then extracted through the proposed subtraction algorithm after the identification of the steel cabin. Lastly, the required items for geometric quality inspection were calculated based on the extracted as-is SBG components. The feasibility of the proposed geometric quality assessment method was validated through a real SBG project. Field test results showed that the developed inspection technique could assess the geometric quality of prefabricated SBG components in a more accurate and efficient manner compared to traditional measurement approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T02:31:11Z","timestamp":1674009071000},"page":"556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Geometric Quality Assessment of Prefabricated Steel Box Girder Components Using 3D Laser Scanning and Building Information Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Coastal Urban Resilient Infrastructures (MOE), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Limei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-Australia Joint Research Center in BIM and Smart Construction, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction and Real Estate, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}]},{"given":"Shenghan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-Australia Joint Research Center in BIM and Smart Construction, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-Australia Joint Research Center in BIM and Smart Construction, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foshan Shunde Country Garden Property Development Co., Ltd., Foshan 528300, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research and Development on Accelerated Bridge Construction Technology","volume":"31","author":"Xiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"China J. Highw. Transp."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"68","article-title":"Fatigue reliability analysis for welds of U ribs in steel box girders based on fracture mechanics and long-term monitoring data","volume":"49","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Southeast Univ. Nat. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103224","article-title":"Condition monitoring of bridges with non-contact testing technologies","volume":"116","author":"Feroz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"498","article-title":"Reconstruction of propeller and complex ship hull surface based on reverse engineering","volume":"27","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Technol.-Taiwan"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2010.06.007","article-title":"Automatic reconstruction of as-built building information models from laser-scanned point clouds: A review of related techniques","volume":"19","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbarella, M., Cuomo, A., Di Benedetto, A., Fiani, M., and Guida, D. (2019). Topographic Base Maps from Remote Sensing Data for Engineering Geomorphological Modelling: An Application on Coastal Mediterranean Landscape. Geosciences, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9120500"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2014.01.004","article-title":"Mobile 3D mapping for surveying earthwork projects using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) system","volume":"41","author":"Siebert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000028","article-title":"Terrestrial Laser Scanning-Based Structural Damage Assessment","volume":"24","author":"Kuester","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comput. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"113","article-title":"Monitoring of long-span bridge deformation based on 3D laser scanning","volume":"18","author":"Xi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Instrum. Mes. Metrol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"05014004","article-title":"Tracking the Built Status of MEP Works: Assessing the Value of a Scan-vs.-BIM System","volume":"28","author":"Guillemet","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Comput. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, Y., Li, S., and Wang, Q. (2020). Automated Geometric Quality Inspection of Prefabricated Housing Units Using BIM and LiDAR. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12152492"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, J.J., and Wang, Q. (2019, January 17\u201319). Dimensional Quality Inspection of Prefabricated MEP Modules with 3D Laser Scanning. Proceedings of the ASCE International Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering (i3CE), Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784482438.022"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.03.014","article-title":"Automated quality assessment of precast concrete elements with geometry irregularities using terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12293","article-title":"Automated Estimation of Reinforced Precast Concrete Rebar Positions Using Colored Laser Scan Data","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.09.026","article-title":"Dimensional accuracy and structural performance assessment of spatial structure components using 3D laser scanning","volume":"96","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo, E., Liang, J., and Zhao, H. (2013). Point Cloud Segmentation and Denoising via Constrained Nonlinear Least Squares Normal Estimates. Innovations for Shape Analysis: Models and Algorithms, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34141-0_13"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.04.001","article-title":"Knowledge based reconstruction of building models from terrestrial laser scanning data","volume":"64","author":"Pu","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.05.007","article-title":"Structural segmentation and classification of mobile laser scanning point clouds with large variations in point density","volume":"153","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2015.01.001","article-title":"State of research in automatic as-built modelling","volume":"29","author":"Patraucean","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3722\/cadaps.2012.187-197","article-title":"Object Recognition in Terrestrial Laser Scan Data using Spin Images","volume":"9","author":"Date","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Des. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XXXVIII-5-W12-115-2011","article-title":"Pole-like objects recognition from Mobile Laser Scanning Data using smoothing and principal component analysis","volume":"38","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103582","article-title":"Automated extraction of structural elements in steel girder bridges from laser point clouds","volume":"125","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.02.009","article-title":"Automated processing of large point clouds for structural health monitoring of masonry arch bridges","volume":"72","author":"Riveiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2020.2969936","article-title":"From Planes to Corners: Multi-Purpose Primitive Detection in Unorganized 3D Point Clouds","volume":"5","author":"Sommer","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"137","article-title":"Regular sticks pose position and orientation recognition based on RANSAC","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transducer Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Zhe, L., Shunbo, Z., Chuanzhe, S., Yingtian, L., Yun-Hui, L., and Hesheng, W. (2019). LPD-Net: 3D Point Cloud Learning for Large-scale Environment Analysis and Place Recognition. arXiv, 2831\u20132840."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"38","article-title":"A novel method of target recognition and 3D pose estimation in unstructured environment","volume":"51","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Harbin Inst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.20965\/jrm.2015.p0174","article-title":"Stable Position and Pose Estimation of Industrial Parts Using Evaluation of Observability of 3D Vector Pairs","volume":"27","author":"Akizuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Robot. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.08.035","article-title":"Automated dimensional quality assurance of full-scale precast concrete elements using laser scanning and BIM","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2013.06.003","article-title":"Deviation analysis method for the assessment of the quality of the as-is Building Information Models generated from point cloud data","volume":"35","author":"Anil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s40194-014-0210-3","article-title":"Quality assurance for high-frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment of welds using handheld 3D laser scanning technology","volume":"59","author":"Ghahremani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Weld. World"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2014.05.014","article-title":"The value of integrating Scan-to-BIM and Scan-vs-BIM techniques for construction monitoring using laser scanning and BIM: The case of cylindrical MEP components","volume":"49","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04014102","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000465","article-title":"Combined Imaging Technologies for Concrete Bridge Deck Condition Assessment","volume":"29","author":"Vaghefi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Perform. Constr. Facil."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04014074","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000561","article-title":"Implementing Gigapixel Technology in Highway Bridge Inspections","volume":"29","author":"Heymsfield","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Perform. Constr. Facil."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.03.016","article-title":"Identification of damage in buildings based on gaps in 3D point clouds from very high resolution oblique airborne images","volume":"105","author":"Vetrivel","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2010.06.009","article-title":"Vision-based displacement measurement method for high-rise building structures using partitioning approach","volume":"43","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2019.102585","article-title":"Automatic building change image quality assessment in high resolution remote sensing based on deep learning","volume":"63","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guldur, B., Yan, Y.J., and Hajjar, J.F. (2015). Condition Assessment of Bridges Using Terrestrial Laser Scanners, American Society of Civil Engineers.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784479117.031"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04019075","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001701","article-title":"A Terrestrial LiDAR-Based Detection of Shape Deformation for Maintenance of Bridge Structures","volume":"145","author":"Cha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2014.03.004","article-title":"Laser lock-in thermography for detection of surface-breaking fatigue cracks on uncoated steel structures","volume":"65","author":"An","year":"2014","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Ester, M., Kriegel, H.-P., Sander, J., and Xu, X. (September, January 25). A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Portland, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1145\/142920.134011","article-title":"Surface reconstruction from unorganized points. SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics","volume":"26","author":"Hoppe","year":"1996","journal-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8659.00675","article-title":"Multi-scale feature extraction on point-sampled surfaces","volume":"22","author":"Pauly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"13","article-title":"As-built modeling of piping system from terrestrial laser-scanned point clouds using normal-based region growing","volume":"1","author":"Kawashima","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Comput. Des. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2017.07.002","article-title":"Robust normal estimation and region growing segmentation of infrastructure 3D point cloud models","volume":"34","author":"Khaloo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nurunnabi, A., Belton, D., and West, G. (2012, January 5\u20139). Diagnostic-robust statistical analysis for Local Surface Fitting in 3D Point Cloud Data. Proceedings of the XXII Congress of International Society for Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsannals-I-3-269-2012"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1999.10485670","article-title":"A fast algorithm for the minimum covariance determinant estimator","volume":"41","author":"Rousseeuw","year":"1999","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2014.10.014","article-title":"Outlier detection and robust normal-curvature estimation in mobile laser scanning 3D point cloud data","volume":"48","author":"Nurunnabi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. J. Pattern Recognit. Soc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.01.020","article-title":"3-D mapping of a multi-layered Mediterranean forest using ALS data","volume":"121","author":"Ferraz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.103037","article-title":"Semi-automated generation of parametric BIM for steel structures based on terrestrial laser scanning data","volume":"112","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber, C., Hahmann, S., and Hagen, H. (2010, January 21\u201323). Sharp Feature Detection in Point Clouds. Proceedings of the 2010 Shape Modeling International Conference, Aix en Provence, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMI.2010.32"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcm.2007.05.020","article-title":"On the use of dimension reduction techniques in quasi-Monte Carlo methods","volume":"48","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Model."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10867651.1997.10487480","article-title":"Efficient Collision Detection of Complex Deformable Models using AABB Trees","volume":"2","author":"Bergen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Graph. Tools"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102998","article-title":"Automatic re-planning of lifting paths for robotized tower cranes in dynamic BIM environments","volume":"110","author":"Dutta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/3\/556\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:08:26Z","timestamp":1760119706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/3\/556"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15030556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15030556","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]}}}