{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T15:53:38Z","timestamp":1762876418216,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41971384","2021J06014","2019YFA0606702","91858202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971384","2021J06014","2019YFA0606702","91858202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Fujian Province of China","award":["41971384","2021J06014","2019YFA0606702","91858202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971384","2021J06014","2019YFA0606702","91858202"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["41971384","2021J06014","2019YFA0606702","91858202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971384","2021J06014","2019YFA0606702","91858202"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41971384","2021J06014","2019YFA0606702","91858202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41971384","2021J06014","2019YFA0606702","91858202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the most relevant indicator of global warming, the ocean heat content (OHC) change is tightly linked to the Earth\u2019s energy imbalance. Therefore, it is vital to study the OHC and heat absorption and redistribution. Here we analyzed the characteristics of global OHC variations based on a previously reconstructed OHC dataset (named OPEN) with four other gridded OHC datasets from 1993 to 2021. Different from the other four datasets, the OPEN dataset directly obtains OHC through remote sensing, which is reliable and superior in OHC reconstruction, further verified by the Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES) radiation flux data. We quantitatively analyzed the changes in the upper 2000 m OHC of the oceans over the past three decades from a multisource and multilayer perspective. Meanwhile, we calculated the global ocean heat uptake to quantify and track the global ocean warming rate and combined it with the Oceanic Ni\u00f1o Index to analyze the global evolution of OHC associated with El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation variability. The results show that different datasets reveal a continuously increasing and non-decaying global ocean warming from multiple perspectives, with more heat being absorbed by the subsurface and deeper ocean over the past 29 years. The global OHC heating trend from 1993 to 2021 is 7.48 \u00b1 0.17, 7.89 \u00b1 0.1, 10.11 \u00b1 0.16, 7.78 \u00b1 0.17, and 12.8 \u00b1 0.26 \u00d7 1022 J\/decade according to OPEN, IAP, EN4, Ishii, and ORAS5, respectively, which shows that the trends of the OPEN, IAP, and Ishii datasets are generally consistent, while those of EN4 and ORAS5 datasets are much higher. In addition, the ocean warming characteristics revealed by different datasets are somewhat different. The OPEN OHC dataset from remote sensing reconstruction shows a unique remote sensing mapping advantage, presenting a distinctive warming pattern in the East Indian Ocean. Meanwhile, the OPEN dataset had the largest statistically significant area, with 85.6% of the ocean covered by significant positive trends. The significant and continuous increase in global ocean warming over the past three decades, revealed from remote sensing reconstruction, can provide an important reference for projecting ocean warming in the context of global climate change toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T02:31:11Z","timestamp":1674009071000},"page":"566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Unabated Global Ocean Warming Revealed by Ocean Heat Content from Remote Sensing Reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0280-3926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining and Information Sharing of Ministry of Education, The Academy of Digital China, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining and Information Sharing of Ministry of Education, The Academy of Digital China, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1303-9820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenfang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6578-6970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao-Hai","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Remote Sensing, College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6135-9442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongsheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, L., Trenberth, K., Fasullo, J., Boyer, T., Schuckmann, K., and Zhu, J. 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