{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T14:18:42Z","timestamp":1784297922802,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As an important indicator of urban development capacity, vitality can be affected by the human perception of street views, which is a dynamic sensory process that can differ greatly according to different transportation modes, due to their different travel speeds, distances, and routes. However, few studies have evaluated how the dynamic spatial perceptions differ between different travel modes and how these differences can affect vitality differently, due to the limitation of city-scale quantitative data on the dynamic perception of urban scenes. To fill the gap, we propose a \u201cdynamic through-movement perception\u201d (DTMP) measure which integrates a streetscape quality evaluation model with a network-based movement potential model. We measure the streetscape qualities from Baidu street-view images (SVI) and compare the spatial perceptions of drivers and pedestrians in central Guangzhou, China. First, more than twenty visual elements were classified from SVIs to predict human perceptions collected from visual surveys. Second, the through-movement probability of driving and walking were calculated based on classic natural movement theory in space syntax and measured as the angular betweenness for the two travel modes. Third, we accumulate the multipliers of visual perception and through-movement probability of driving and walking as the DTMP for both modes. Lastly, the DTMPs of both modes were fitted into linear regression models to explain street vitality, which is measured using Baidu mobile phone check-in data, when other control variables such as functional density, functional diversity and amenity clustering reachability are accounted for. The results show that the dynamic perception of driving overall shows a stronger correlation with street vitality, while perceived richness is significantly positive in both travel modes. This study provides the first quantitative evidence to reveal how the movement probability of different travel modes can significantly influence people\u2019s sense of place, while in turn increasing street vitality. Our results can explain how different types of street commerce (i.e., pedestrian-oriented, and auto-oriented) aggregate spontaneously due to the dynamic movement potential, which provides an important reference for urban planners and decision makers for improving street vitality when making urban revitalization policies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T03:04:44Z","timestamp":1674011084000},"page":"568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Drivers or Pedestrians, Whose Dynamic Perceptions Are More Effective to Explain Street Vitality? A Case Study in Guangzhou"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5107-5932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuankai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, 22 Gordon St., London WC1H 0QB, UK"},{"name":"College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6461-7243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waishan","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of City and Regional Planning, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingrui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, 22 Gordon St., London WC1H 0QB, UK"},{"name":"College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2590-5837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Spatial Information Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Energy Engineering Group, Zhejiang Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2018.04.021","article-title":"Spatially Explicit Assessment on Urban Vitality: Case Studies in Chicago and Wuhan","volume":"40","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2020.103086","article-title":"Measuring Human Perceptions of Streetscapes to Better Inform Urban Renewal: A Perspective of Scene Semantic Parsing","volume":"110","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808320919771","article-title":"Validating Activity, Time, and Space Diversity as Essential Components of Urban Vitality","volume":"48","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2021.103333","article-title":"Human Settlement Value Assessment from a Place Perspective: Considering Human Dynamics and Perceptions in House Price Modeling","volume":"118","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.104919","article-title":"Understanding House Price Appreciation Using Multi-Source Big Geo-Data and Machine Learning","volume":"111","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2022.104358","article-title":"Subjective or Objective Measures of Street Environment, Which Are More Effective in Explaining Housing Prices?","volume":"221","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Buttimer, A., and Seamon, D. (1980). Body-Subject, Time-Space Routines, and Place-Ballets. The Human Experience of Space and Place, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Cresswell, T. (2014). Place: An Introduction, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2018.11.005","article-title":"Street Life and the Built Environment in an Auto-Oriented US Region","volume":"88","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103656","article-title":"Exploring the Association between Street Built Environment and Street Vitality Using Deep Learning Methods","volume":"79","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/0739456X07307947","article-title":"Lively Streets: Determining Environmental Characteristics to Support Social Behavior","volume":"27","author":"Mehta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Plan. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Lynch, K. (1984). Good City Form, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Maas, P.R. (1984). Towards a Theory of Urban Vitality. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of British Columbia]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2016.12.012","article-title":"The Economic Value of Streets: Mix-Scale Spatio-Functional Interaction and Housing Price Patterns","volume":"79","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sevtsuk, A. (2020). Street Commerce: Creating Vibrant Urban Sidewalks, University of Pennsylvania Press.","DOI":"10.9783\/9780812297089"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sevtsuk, A., Basu, R., and Chancey, B. (2021). We Shape Our Buildings, but Do They Then Shape Us? A Longitudinal Analysis of Pedestrian Flows and Development Activity in Melbourne. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257534"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2021.05.010","article-title":"A Big Data Approach to Understanding Pedestrian Route Choice Preferences: Evidence from San Francisco","volume":"25","author":"Sevtsuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, W., Li, W., Liu, X., and Huang, X. (2021). Subjectively Measured Streetscape Perceptions to Inform Urban Design Strategies for Shanghai. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10080493"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Qiu, W., Li, W., Liu, X., Zhang, Z., Li, X., and Luo, D. (2022). Associations between Street-View Perceptions and Housing Prices: Subjective vs. Objective Measures Using Computer Vision and Machine Learning Techniques. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040891"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/13574809.2017.1337496","article-title":"Urban Evolution as a Spatio-Functional Interaction Process: The Case of Central Shanghai","volume":"23","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Urban Des."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/2043820614525732","article-title":"The New Quantitative Revolution","volume":"4","author":"Wyly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dialogues Hum. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Dubey, A., Naik, N., Parikh, D., Raskar, R., and Hidalgo, C.A. (1608). Deep Learning the City: Quantifying Urban Perception at a Global Scale. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salesses, P., Schechtner, K., and Hidalgo, C.A. (2013). The Collaborative Image of The City: Mapping the Inequality of Urban Perception. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068400"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naik, N., Philipoom, J., Raskar, R., and Hidalgo, C. (2014, January 23\u201328). Streetscore\u2014Predicting the Perceived Safety of One Million Streetscapes. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), Columbus, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2014.121"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101563","article-title":"Desirable Streets: Using Deviations in Pedestrian Trajectories to Measure the Value of the Built Environment","volume":"86","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1068\/b34144t","article-title":"A Digital Image of the City: 3D Isovists in Lynch\u2019s Urban Analysis","volume":"36","author":"Morello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Plann. B"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S223","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.3.s1.s223","article-title":"Identifying and Measuring Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability","volume":"3","author":"Ewing","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Bonnes, M., Lee, T., and Bonaiuto, M. (2003). Theory of Attachment and Place Attachment. Psychological Theories for Environmental Issues, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2010.10.001","article-title":"Place Attachment: How Far Have We Come in the Last 40 Years?","volume":"31","author":"Lewicka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01674","article-title":"Sense of Place, Fast and Slow: The Potential Contributions of Affordance Theory to Sense of Place","volume":"8","author":"Raymond","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2005.12.003","article-title":"An Exploration of Place as a Process: The Case of Jackson Hole, WY","volume":"25","author":"Smaldone","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.2008.11950149","article-title":"The Role of Time in Developing Place Meanings","volume":"40","author":"Smaldone","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Leis. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2006.11.002","article-title":"The Relationship between Place Attachment and Landscape Values: Toward Mapping Place Attachment","volume":"27","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foote, K.E., and Azaryahu, M. (2009). Sense of Place. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008044910-4.00998-6"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6673158","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6673158","article-title":"Research on the Complex Mechanism of Placeness, Sense of Place, and Satisfaction of Historical and Cultural Blocks in Beijing\u2019s Old City Based on Structural Equation Model","volume":"2021","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/13574800802451155","article-title":"Measuring the Unmeasurable: Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability","volume":"14","author":"Ewing","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Urban Des."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2022.104037","article-title":"Subjective and Objective Measures of Streetscape Perceptions: Relationships with Property Value in Shanghai","volume":"132","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-9209(97)00009-6","article-title":"Travel Demand and the 3Ds: Density, Diversity, and Design","volume":"2","author":"Cervero","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2022.03.001","article-title":"Spatial Structure of Workplace and Communication between Colleagues: A Study of E-Mail Exchange and Spatial Relatedness on the MIT Campus","volume":"70","author":"Sevtsuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2021.104179","article-title":"Can Daily Mobility Alleviate Green Inequality from Living and Working Environments?","volume":"214","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/11556114_30","article-title":"Network and Psychological Effects in Urban Movement","volume":"Volume 3693","author":"Cohn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spatial Information Theory"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1068\/b200029","article-title":"Natural Movement: Or, Configuration and Attraction in Urban Pedestrian Movement","volume":"20","author":"Hillier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Shen, Y. (2017). Understanding Functional Urban Centrality: Spatio-Functional Interaction and Its Socio-Economic Impact in Central Shanghai. [Ph.D. Thesis, UCL (University College London)]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/gean.12063","article-title":"Using Space Syntax to Model Pedestrian Movement in Urban Transportation Planning: Using Space Syntax in Transportation Planning","volume":"46","author":"Lerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2019.01.002","article-title":"Natural Movement: A Space Syntax Theory Linking Urban Form and Function with Walking for Transport","volume":"58","author":"Koohsari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.2478\/aup-2020-0013","article-title":"Human Behaviour Simulation Using Space Syntax Methods","volume":"16","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archit. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2021.2000064","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Factors Associated with Pedestrian Route Choice","volume":"42","author":"Basu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, Y., Xie, H., Fang, J., Jiang, H., and Wang, D. (2019). Daily Accessed Street Greenery and Housing Price: Measuring Economic Performance of Human-Scale Streetscapes via New Urban Data. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11061741"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.08.028","article-title":"Measuring Daily Accessed Street Greenery: A Human-Scale Approach for Informing Better Urban Planning Practices","volume":"191","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/13574809708724397","article-title":"Caf\u00e9 Culture and the City: The Role of Pavement Caf\u00e9s in Urban Public Social Life","volume":"2","author":"Montgomery","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Urban Des."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1257\/pandp.20181034","article-title":"Nowcasting Gentrification: Using Yelp Data to Quantify Neighborhood Change","volume":"108","author":"Glaeser","year":"2018","journal-title":"AEA Pap. Proc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2020.103951","article-title":"Built Environment, Urban Vitality and Social Cohesion: Do Vibrant Neighborhoods Foster Strong Communities?","volume":"204","author":"Mouratidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoforum.2020.12.024","article-title":"Spaces of Consumption, Connection, and Community: Exploring the Role of the Coffee Shop in Urban Lives","volume":"119","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geoforum"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2021.102490","article-title":"The Impacts of Urban Vitality and Urban Density on Innovation: Evidence from China\u2019s Greater Bay Area","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Cui, C., Liu, F., Wu, Q., Run, Y., and Han, Z. (2021). Multidimensional Urban Vitality on Streets: Spatial Patterns and Influence Factor Identification Using Multisource Urban Data. IJGI, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi11010002"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/01944369708975728","article-title":"Is Los Angeles-Style Sprawl Desirable?","volume":"63","author":"Ewing","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"406","article-title":"Does Block Size Matter? The Impact of Urban Design on Economic Vitality for Chinese Cities","volume":"46","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.34.3.3","article-title":"The Economics of Urban Density","volume":"34","author":"Duranton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Econ. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5102","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2022.3183176","article-title":"Urban Vitality and Its Influencing Factors: Comparative Analysis Based on Taxi Trajectory Data","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1068\/b3019","article-title":"Space Syntax: Some Inconsistencies","volume":"31","author":"Ratti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Plann. B Plann. Des."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1068\/b34047t","article-title":"Studying Cities to Learn about Minds: Some Possible Implications of Space Syntax for Spatial Cognition","volume":"39","author":"Hillier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Plann. B Plann. Des"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Hillier, B. (2015). Space Is the Machine: A Configurational Theory of Architecture, Space Syntax."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"103","article-title":"The Legacy of the Situationist International: The Production of Situations of Creative Resistance","volume":"28","author":"Barnard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cap. Cl."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Gunn, G. (2021). 4\u2014In Revolutionary Guangzhou, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Ipsen, D., Li, Y., and Weichler, H. (2005). The Genesis of Urban Landscape: The Pearl River Delta in South China, University of Kassel. Work Report\/University of Kassel, Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning, Landscape Planning."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2022, October 14). Guangzhou Aims to Become a Global City\u2014Cities in Motion. Available online: https:\/\/blog.iese.edu\/cities-challenges-and-management\/2018\/06\/04\/guangzhou-aims-to-become-a-global-city\/."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"436","article-title":"Evolution of Historical Urban Landscape with Computer Vision and Machine Learning: A Case Study of Berlin","volume":"16","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Digit. Landsc. Archit."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2016.03.013","article-title":"Urban Function Connectivity: Characterisation of Functional Urban Streets with Social Media Check-in Data","volume":"55","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1068\/b32067","article-title":"From Axial to Road-Centre Lines: A New Representation for Space Syntax and a New Model of Route Choice for Transport Network Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Turner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Plann. B Plann. Des."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Omer, I., Kaplan, N., and Jiang, B. (2017, January 3\u20137). Why angular centralities are more suitable for space syntax modeling?. Proceedings of the 11th International Space Syntax Symposium, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walford, G., Tucker, E., and Viswanathan, M. (2010). The SAGE Handbook of Measurement, SAGE.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446268230"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1057\/udi.1996.5","article-title":"Cities as Movement Economies","volume":"1","author":"Hillier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Urban Des. Int."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"16","article-title":"Distances People Walk for Transport","volume":"16","author":"Burke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Road Transp. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Varoudis, T. (2022, November 13). DepthmapX MultiPlatform Spatial Network Analysis Software, Version 0.50. Available online: https:\/\/varoudis.github.io\/depthmapX\/."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2010.510801","article-title":"Zipf\u2019s Law for All the Natural Cities in the United States: A Geospatial Perspective","volume":"25","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1080\/00330124.2012.700499","article-title":"Head\/Tail Breaks: A New Classification Scheme for Data with a Heavy-Tailed Distribution","volume":"65","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prof. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2022.102728","article-title":"Measuring the Associations between Eye-Level Urban Design Quality and on-Street Crime Density around New York Subway Entrances","volume":"131","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699212056","article-title":"Measuring Changes in Landscape Pattern from Satellite Images: Short-Term Effects of Fire on Spatial Diversity","volume":"20","author":"Chuvieco","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"103","article-title":"Extracting Active Population Data Based on Baidu Heat Maps for Transportation Planning Applications","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban Transp. China"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Wu, Z., and Ye, Z. (2016). Research on Urban Spatial Structure Based on Baidu Heat Map: A Case Study on the Central City of Shanghai. City Plan. Rev., 33\u201340."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.22217\/upi.2018.495","article-title":"Influence of Built Environment on Street Vitality and Its Spatiotemporal Characteristics Based on LBS Positioning Data","volume":"34","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"UPI"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"254","article-title":"Characteristics of the Jobs-Housing Balance in Central Guangzhou Based on Open Big Data","volume":"40","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Kifer, D., Graif, C., and Li, Z. (2016, January 13\u201317). Crime Rate Inference with Big Data. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939736"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Kutner, M.H., Nachtsheim, C., and Neter, J. (2004). Applied Linear Regression Models, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urban, D., and Mayerl, J. (2018). Angewandte Regressionsanalyse: Theorie, Technik und Praxis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-01915-0"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Nourian, P., Rezvani, S., Sariyildiz, S., and van der Hoeven, F. (2016, January 16\u201318). Spectral Modelling for Spatial Network Analysis. Proceedings of the Symposium on Simulation for Architecture and Urban Design (simAUD 2016), London, UK."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1108\/SASBE-10-2017-0058","article-title":"Modelling Walking and Cycling Accessibility and Mobility: The Effect of Network Configuration and Occupancy on Spatial Dynamics of Active Mobility","volume":"7","author":"Nourian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Smart Sustain. Built Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/3\/568\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:08:54Z","timestamp":1760119734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/3\/568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15030568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15030568","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]}}}