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Because of its unique advantages such as high temporal and spatial resolutions, low observation cost, wide coverage and all-weather operation, it has been widely used in land and ocean remote sensing fields. Ocean wind monitoring is the main objective of the recently launched Cyclone GNSS (CYGNSS). In previous studies, wind speed was usually retrieved using features extracted from delay-Doppler maps (DDMs) and empirical geophysical model functions (GMFs). However, it is a challenge to employ the GMF method if using multiple sea state parameters as model input. Therefore, in this article, we propose an improved deep learning network framework to retrieve global sea surface wind speed using spaceborne GNSS-R data, named GloWS-Net. GloWS-Net considers the fusion of auxiliary information including ocean swell significant wave height (SWH), sea surface rainfall and wave direction to build an end-to-end wind speed retrieval model. In order to verify the improvement of the proposed model, ERA5 and Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform (CCMP) wind data were used as reference for extensive testing to evaluate the wind speed retrieval performance of the GloWS-Net model and previous models (i.e., GMF, fully connected network (FCN) and convolutional neural network (CNN)). The results show that, when using ERA5 winds as ground truth, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the proposed GloWS-Net model is 23.98% better than that of the MVE method. Although the GloWS-Net model and the FCN model have similar RMSE (1.92 m\/s), the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the former is improved by 16.56%; when using CCMP winds as ground truth, the RMSE of the proposed GloWS-Net model is 2.16 m\/s, which is 20.27% better than the MVE method. Compared with the FCN model, the MAPE is improved by 17.75%. Meanwhile, the GloWS-Net outperforms the FCN, traditional CNN, modified CNN (MCNN) and CyGNSSnet models in global wind speed retrieval especially at high wind speeds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T05:06:14Z","timestamp":1674104774000},"page":"590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["GloWS-Net: A Deep Learning Framework for Retrieving Global Sea Surface Wind Speed Using Spaceborne GNSS-R Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9412-3121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinwei","family":"Bu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"},{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Kegen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China"}]},{"given":"Yongfa","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9622-5041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weimin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1B 3X5, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2341581","article-title":"Dual Antenna Space-Based GNSS-R Ocean Surface Mapping: Oil Slick and Tropical Cyclone Sensing","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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