{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T17:15:55Z","timestamp":1762622155863,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tongji Zhejiang College","award":["JZ0719003","2022LASW-B03","LTO2203","41505048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JZ0719003","2022LASW-B03","LTO2203","41505048"]}]},{"name":"Open Grants of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather","award":["JZ0719003","2022LASW-B03","LTO2203","41505048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JZ0719003","2022LASW-B03","LTO2203","41505048"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["JZ0719003","2022LASW-B03","LTO2203","41505048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JZ0719003","2022LASW-B03","LTO2203","41505048"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JZ0719003","2022LASW-B03","LTO2203","41505048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JZ0719003","2022LASW-B03","LTO2203","41505048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work compares the contributions of synoptic, intraseasonal, and interannual components of large-scale parameters to tropical cyclone (TC) genesis over the North Indian Ocean (NIO) from April to December from 1979 to 2020. A composite analysis is employed with respect to TC genesis time and location. It is shown that most TCs occur when the total sea surface temperature (SST) is between 28 and 30 \u00b0C and SST anomalies in three time ranges are small (with the magnitude less than 0.2 \u00b0C). The TCs form mostly when the anomalies of vertical zonal wind shear are between \u22126 and 6 m s\u22121 and total vertical zonal wind shear falls within \u221212 and \u22123 m s\u22121, with the synoptic component being a positive contributor. The intraseasonal component of vorticity and convergence in the low level, vertical motion and specific humidity in the middle level, and convection contributes dominantly to the TC genesis. Synoptic-scale tropical disturbances obtain barotropic kinetic energy from the climatological mean and intraseasonal flows, with the former dominant in the southeastern sector, and the latter dominant in the northwestern sector. The contributions of the three temporal components of environmental factors are compared for TC genesis between the Arabian Sea (AS) and Bay of Bengal (BOB) and between the early season (April through June) and late season (September through December). The relative contributions of the three temporal components of factors are also compared for the TC formation among the NIO, northern tropical Atlantic Ocean (NTA), Northwestern Pacific (WNP), and Northeastern Pacific (ENP).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T02:52:21Z","timestamp":1674183141000},"page":"610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Contributions of Various Temporal Components of Large-Scale Parameters in Tropical Cyclone Genesis over the North Indian Ocean"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yifeng","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Tongji Zhejiang College, Jiaxing 314051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Monsoon System Research, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4712-2251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renguang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingyu","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change and Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0414-7187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Monsoon System Research, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Monsoon System Research, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-022-00904-7","article-title":"Characteristics of the tropical cyclones over the North Indian Ocean Basins from the long-term datasets","volume":"134","author":"Priya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Meteorol. 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