{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:36:20Z","timestamp":1772724980237,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB3900503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3900503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E1Z211010F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E1Z211010F"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Self-Topic Fund of Aerospace Information Research Institute, CAS","award":["2021YFB3900503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3900503"]}]},{"name":"Self-Topic Fund of Aerospace Information Research Institute, CAS","award":["E1Z211010F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E1Z211010F"]}]},{"name":"Self-Topic Fund of Aerospace Information Research Institute, CAS","award":["2022127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022127"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association, CAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB3900503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3900503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association, CAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E1Z211010F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E1Z211010F"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004739","name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association, CAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite image time series (SITS) classification is a challenging application concurrently driven by long-term, large-scale, and high spatial-resolution observations acquired by remote sensing satellites. The focus of current SITS classification research is to exploit the richness of temporal information in SITS data. In the literature, self-attention mechanism-based networks, which are capable of capturing global temporal attention, have achieved state-of-the-art results in SITS classification. However, these methods lack attention to local temporal information, which is also significant for SITS classification tasks. To explore the potential of different scales of temporal information in SITS data, a global\u2013local temporal attention encoder (GL-TAE) is proposed in this paper. GL-TAE has two submodules set up in parallel, one of which is a lightweight temporal attention encoder (LTAE) for extracting global temporal attention and the other is lightweight convolution (LConv) for extracting local temporal attention. Compared with methods exploring global-only or local-only temporal features, the proposed GL-TAE can achieve better performance on two public SITS datasets, which proves the effectiveness of hybrid global\u2013local temporal attention features. The experiments also demonstrate that GL-TAE is a lightweight model, which achieves the same performance as other models but with fewer parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T04:19:22Z","timestamp":1674447562000},"page":"618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Attention to Both Global and Local Features: A Novel Temporal Encoder for Satellite Image Time Series Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3730-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weixiong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7529-0968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhitao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4549-3502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.2000.0771","article-title":"A comparison of single date and multitemporal satellite image classifications in a semi-arid grassland","volume":"49","author":"Langley","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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