{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T18:59:18Z","timestamp":1774292358618,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42276232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42276232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["311021004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311021004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MELRI2205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MELRI2205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["42276232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42276232"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["311021004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311021004"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","award":["MELRI2205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MELRI2205"]}]},{"name":"Internal Program of State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science","award":["42276232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42276232"]}]},{"name":"Internal Program of State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science","award":["311021004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311021004"]}]},{"name":"Internal Program of State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science","award":["MELRI2205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MELRI2205"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mangrove wetlands are rapidly being lost due to anthropogenic disturbances and natural processes, such as sea-level rise (SLR), but are also recovering as a result of conservation efforts. Accurate and contemporary mangrove maps to detect their distribution and changes are urgently needed to understand how mangroves respond to global change and develop effective conservation projects. Here, we developed a new change detection algorithm called temporal consistency checking combining annual classification and spectral time series (TCC-CS) for tracking mangrove losses and gains. Specifically, mangrove change events were determined by measuring the deviation of greenness and wetness of candidate change segments from automatically collected mangrove reference samples. By applying to the world\u2019s largest mangrove patches, we monitored the 35-year mangrove trajectory in the Sundarbans from 1988 to 2022 using all available Landsat images on the Google Earth Engine platform. In the Sundarbans, 18,501.89 ha of mangroves have been gained, but these have been offset by losses of 27,009.79 ha, leading to a net mangrove loss of 1.42% (8507.9 ha) in the past 35 years. We further mapped the pixel-level change agents and found that SLR-induced erosion and degradation, instead of human activities, were the major drivers of losses in the Sundarbans. Trend analysis on loss agents indicates that mangrove losses caused by human activities, such as the expansion of croplands and aquaculture ponds, have declined, but SLR is still a persistent threat to mangrove wetlands in this iconic mangrove area. Our study provides a computationally efficient methodology for examining large-scale mangrove changes, and the resultant annual mangrove maps provide strong support for mangrove conservation in the Sundarbans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T04:19:22Z","timestamp":1674447562000},"page":"625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Monitoring of 35-Year Mangrove Wetland Change Dynamics and Agents in the Sundarbans Using Temporal Consistency Checking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8789-2202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China"}]},{"given":"Md Rasel","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5419-7051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yangfan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1123","article-title":"Mangroves among the Most Carbon-Rich Forests in the Tropics","volume":"4","author":"Donato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. 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