{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T16:13:41Z","timestamp":1774628021917,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"RFF \u201cOslo og Akershus Regionale forskningsfond\u201d","award":["295836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["295836"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Technological innovations and advanced multidisciplinary research increase the demand for multisensor data fusion in Earth observations. Such fusion has great potential, especially in the remote sensing field. One sensor is often insufficient in analyzing urban environments to obtain comprehensive results. Inspired by the capabilities of hyperspectral and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data in multisensor data fusion at the feature level, we present a novel approach to the multitemporal analysis of urban land cover in a case study in H\u00f8vik, Norway. Our generic workflow is based on bitemporal datasets; however, it is designed to include datasets from other years. Our framework extracts representative endmembers in an unsupervised way, retrieves abundance maps fed into segmentation algorithms, and detects the main urban land cover classes by implementing 2D ResU-Net for segmentation without parameter regularizations and with effective optimization. Such segmentation optimization is based on updating initial features and providing them for a second iteration of segmentation. We compared segmentation optimization models with and without data augmentation, achieving up to 11% better accuracy after segmentation optimization. In addition, a stable spectral library is automatically generated for each land cover class, allowing local database extension. The main product of the multitemporal analysis is a map update, effectively detecting detailed changes in land cover classes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T04:19:22Z","timestamp":1674447562000},"page":"632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Multitemporal Feature-Level Fusion on Hyperspectral and LiDAR Data in the Urban Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0541-5614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kuras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Aas, Norway"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Brell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Center Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6468-9423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristian Hovde","family":"Liland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Aas, Norway"}]},{"given":"Ingunn","family":"Burud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Aas, Norway"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.04.008","article-title":"Determination of robust spectral features for identification of urban surface materials in hyperspectral remote sensing data","volume":"111","author":"Heiden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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