{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T02:41:49Z","timestamp":1773888109711,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]],"date-time":"2023-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["075-01133-22-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-01133-22-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This manuscript presents the results of the study of snow covers\u2019 influence on the interferometric measurements of the stability of industrial infrastructure in the vicinity of Norilsk city, Russia. Fuel tanks of the Norilsk thermal power plant (TPP) were selected as an object of study due to a well-known accident when about 20,000 tons of diesel fuel spilled from one of the tanks. Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar data acquired over the territory of Norilsk TPP were used in the DInSAR study of the possible displacements of the tanks that could be the cause of the tank\u2019s damage. For twelve days, radar interferograms that were generated in the study covered the cold and warm seasons of 2018\u20132020, including the catastrophic event\u2014the rupture of the tank with diesel fuel\u2014in order to shed light on the possible impact of the area subsidence because of permafrost thaw under the tanks. As the tank walls and adjacent concrete base constituted the virtual dihedral corner reflector, the accumulation of snow on the surface near the tanks created a distorting effect on the results of monitoring the stability of the tank\u2019s location. Three models of snow layer within the dihedral proposed could help explain the deviations in the signal amplitude and phase in the case of snowfalls occurring between radar observations. We propose three ways to minimize the influence of snow on interferometric measurements. One of them, the selection of the radar data acquired in proper observation conditions, made it possible to assess the stability of the mutual location of the tanks. Among the most important processing and analysis results in the paper is a conclusion about the high stability of the fuel tank\u2019s location on the yearly time interval, including the troubleshooting tank.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T04:19:22Z","timestamp":1674447562000},"page":"654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An Influence of Snow Covers on the Radar Interferometry Observations of Industrial Infrastructure: Norilsk Thermal Power Plant Case"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4293-7830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Zakharov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fryazino Branch of Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, RAS, 141190 Fryazino, Russia"}]},{"given":"Liudmila","family":"Zakharova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fryazino Branch of Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, RAS, 141190 Fryazino, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"267","article-title":"Observation of the Ambarnaya River pollution resulting from the accident at the Norilsk Thermal Power Plant No. 3 on May 29","volume":"17","author":"Troshko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Rem. Sens. Earth Space"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9183","DOI":"10.1029\/JB094iB07p09183","article-title":"Mapping small elevation changes over large areas: Differential radar interferometry","volume":"94","author":"Gabriel","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Research. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/36.898661","article-title":"Permanent scatterers in SAR Interferometry","volume":"39","author":"Ferretti","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2030792","article-title":"Nonuniform Ground Motion Monitoring With TerraSAR-X Persistent Scatterer Interferometry","volume":"48","author":"Wegmuller","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Falco, S., Minati, F., Vecchioli, F., and Costantini, M. (August, January 28). Infrastructure Stability Analysis by COSMO-SkyMed PSP SAR Interferometry: Spatio-Temporal Analysis and 3D Modeling. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Yocohama, Japan."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Liu, G., Chen, T., Zhang, J., and Huang, G. (2010, January 16\u201318). Detecting and assessing the land subsidence in coal mining area using PALSAR data based on D-InSAR technique. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology, Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCET.2010.5485843"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strzelczyk, J., Porzycka, S., and Lesniak, A. (2009, January 12\u201314). Analysis of ground deformations based on parallel geostatistical computations of PSInSAR data. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Geoinformatics, Fairfax, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GEOINFORMATICS.2009.5293261"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarago, V., Benoit, M., Bouroubi, Y., Gosselin, C., and Rheault, M. (2014, January 13\u201318). Operational use of SAR interferometry for surface and infrastructures movement monitoring. Proceedings of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Quebec City, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2014.6946465"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.07.002","article-title":"Shanghai subway tunnels and highways monitoring through Cosmo-SkyMed Persistent Scatterers","volume":"73","author":"Perissin","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12583","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2021.3130584","article-title":"Time-Series InSAR Technology for Ascending and Descending Orbital Images to Monitor Surface Deformation of the Metro Network in Chengdu","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.12.017","article-title":"Rapidly accelerating subsidence in the Greater Vancouver region from two decades of ERS-ENVISAT-RADARSAT-2 DInSAR measurements","volume":"143","author":"Samsonov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2019.2896989","article-title":"Title of the article","volume":"12","author":"Ullo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6337","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.3030977","article-title":"Monitoring of Critical Infrastructures by Micromotion Estimation: The Mosul Dam Destabilization","volume":"13","author":"Biondi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2218214","article-title":"Bridge Thermal Dilation Monitoring With Millimeter Sensitivity via Multidimensional SAR Imaging","volume":"10","author":"Fornaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, J., Kim, D.-j., Palanisamy Vadivel, S.K., and Yun, S.-H. (2019). Long-Term Deflection Monitoring for Bridges Using X and C-Band Time-Series SAR Interferometry. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11111258"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"De Corso, T., Mignone, L., Sebastianelli, A., del Rosso, M.P., Yost, C., Ciampa, E., Pecce, M., Sica, S., and Ullo, S. (October, January 26). Application of Dinsar Technique to High Coherence Satellite Images for Strategic Infrastructure Monitoring. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Waikoloa, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fornaro, G., Reale, D., Verde, S., Peduto, D., Arena, L., and Ferlisi, S. (2014, January 17\u201318). Potentialities of the use of spaceborne radar systems in the monitoring of structures and infrastructures. Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Environmental, Energy, and Structural Monitoring Systems, Naples, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EESMS.2014.6923267"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, B., Tang, Y., Zhang, Z., Liu, M., and Zhao, L. (2015, January 26\u201331). New mode TerraSAR-X interferometry for railway monitoring in the permafrost region of the Tibet Plateau. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2015.7326098"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2402168","article-title":"A DInSAR Investigation of the Ground Settlement Time Evolution of Ocean-Reclaimed Lands in Shanghai","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2019.2907557","article-title":"Analysis of Damage to Buildings in Urban Centers on Unstable Slopes via TerraSAR-X PSI Data: The Case Study of El Papiol Town (Spain)","volume":"16","author":"Peduto","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kusunose, T., Susaki, J., Fujiwara, Y., and Hisada, H. (2022, January 17\u201322). PSInSAR Analysis for Detecting Signs of Landslide Along Expressways. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS46834.2022.9883190"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianchini Ciampoli, L., Gagliardi, V., Ferrante, C., Calvi, A., D\u2019Amico, F., and Tosti, F. (2020). Displacement Monitoring in Airport Runways by Persistent Scatterers SAR Interferometry. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213564"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gagliardi, V., Bianchini Ciampoli, L., Trevisani, S., D\u2019Amico, F., Alani, A.M., Benedetto, A., and Tosti, F. (2021). Testing Sentinel-1 SAR Interferometry Data for Airport Runway Monitoring: A Geostatistical Analysis. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175769"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Kobak, V.O. (1975). Radiolokatsionnye otrazhateli (Radar Reflectors), Soviet Radio. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1109\/36.957273","article-title":"InSAR for estimation of changes in snow water equivalent of dry snow","volume":"39","author":"Guneriussen","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2432031","article-title":"Snow water equivalent of dry snow measured by differential interferometry","volume":"8","author":"Leinss","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1991\/1\/012009","article-title":"Monitoring of Norilsk TPP fuel tanks dynamics using Sentinel-1 SAR data","volume":"1991","author":"Zakharov","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1109\/36.868878","article-title":"Nonlinear subsidence rate estimation using permanent scatterers in differential SAR interferometry","volume":"38","author":"Ferretti","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2124465","article-title":"A new algorithm for processing interferometric data-stacks: SqueeSAR","volume":"49","author":"Ferretti","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.813278","article-title":"SAR monitoring of progressive and seasonal ground deformation using the Permanent Scatterers technique","volume":"41","author":"Colesanti","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(02)00195-3","article-title":"Monitoring landslides and tectonic motion with the Permanent Scatterers technique","volume":"68","author":"Colesanti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0266-5611\/14\/4\/001","article-title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry","volume":"14","author":"Bamler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inverse Probl."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"147","article-title":"Theory and design of interferometric synthetic-aperture radars","volume":"139","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1029\/1998GL900033","article-title":"Radar interferogram filtering for geophysical applications","volume":"25","author":"Goldstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garthwaite, M.C. (2017). On the Design of Radar Corner Reflectors for Deformation Monitoring in Multi-Frequency InSAR. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9070648"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jauvin, M., Yan, Y., Trouv\u00e9, E., Fruneau, B., Gay, M., and Girard, B. (2019). Integration of Corner Reflectors for the Monitoring of Mountain Glacier Areas with Sentinel-1 Time Series. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11080988"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/3\/654\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:13:20Z","timestamp":1760120000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/3\/654"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15030654"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15030654","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]]}}}