{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:43:25Z","timestamp":1790822605026,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]],"date-time":"2023-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2019YFD1002201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFD1002201"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["U21A2040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A2040"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["41877520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877520"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["42077443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42077443"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2021C044-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C044-5"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["20200403065SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200403065SF"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["20210502008ZP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210502008ZP"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019YFD1002201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFD1002201"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U21A2040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A2040"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41877520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877520"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42077443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42077443"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021C044-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C044-5"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20200403065SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200403065SF"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20210502008ZP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210502008ZP"]}]},{"name":"Industrial technology research and development Project of Development and Reform Commission of Jilin Province","award":["2019YFD1002201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFD1002201"]}]},{"name":"Industrial technology research and development Project of Development and Reform Commission of Jilin Province","award":["U21A2040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A2040"]}]},{"name":"Industrial technology research and development Project of Development and Reform Commission of Jilin Province","award":["41877520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877520"]}]},{"name":"Industrial technology research and development Project of Development and Reform Commission of Jilin Province","award":["42077443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42077443"]}]},{"name":"Industrial technology research and development Project of Development and Reform Commission of Jilin Province","award":["2021C044-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C044-5"]}]},{"name":"Industrial technology research and development Project of Development and Reform Commission of Jilin Province","award":["20200403065SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200403065SF"]}]},{"name":"Industrial technology research and development Project of Development and Reform Commission of Jilin Province","award":["20210502008ZP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210502008ZP"]}]},{"name":"Key Scientific and Technology Research and Development Program of Jilin Province","award":["2019YFD1002201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFD1002201"]}]},{"name":"Key Scientific and Technology Research and Development Program of Jilin Province","award":["U21A2040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A2040"]}]},{"name":"Key Scientific and Technology Research and Development Program of Jilin Province","award":["41877520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877520"]}]},{"name":"Key Scientific and Technology Research and Development Program of Jilin Province","award":["42077443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42077443"]}]},{"name":"Key Scientific and Technology Research and Development Program of Jilin Province","award":["2021C044-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C044-5"]}]},{"name":"Key Scientific and Technology Research and Development Program of Jilin Province","award":["20200403065SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200403065SF"]}]},{"name":"Key Scientific and Technology Research and Development Program of Jilin Province","award":["20210502008ZP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210502008ZP"]}]},{"name":"Construction Project of Science and Technology Innovation Center","award":["2019YFD1002201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFD1002201"]}]},{"name":"Construction Project of Science and Technology Innovation Center","award":["U21A2040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A2040"]}]},{"name":"Construction Project of Science and Technology Innovation Center","award":["41877520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877520"]}]},{"name":"Construction Project of Science and Technology Innovation Center","award":["42077443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42077443"]}]},{"name":"Construction Project of Science and Technology Innovation Center","award":["2021C044-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C044-5"]}]},{"name":"Construction Project of Science and Technology Innovation Center","award":["20200403065SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200403065SF"]}]},{"name":"Construction Project of Science and Technology Innovation Center","award":["20210502008ZP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210502008ZP"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Songliao Plain is the largest maize (Zea mays L.) cropland area in China and, thus, is most influenced by water stress. To mitigate the adverse impact of water stress on maize yield and quality, various agricultural irrigation strategies have been implemented. Based on land surface temperature and an enhanced vegetation index, this study constructed the temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI) and combined the Hurst index and Sen trend to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of drought and waterlogging. From the correlation between TVDI and gross primary productivity, the weight coefficients of different growth cycles of maize were derived to determine the drought and waterlogging stresses on maize in Songliao Plain for 2000\u20132020. The drought hazard on the western side of Songliao Plain was high in the west and low in the east, whereas the waterlogging hazard was high in the east. Waterlogging likely persisted according to the spatiotemporal trends and patterns of drought and waterlogging. During the second growth cycle, maize was most severely affected by water stress. There was a spatial heterogeneity in the severity of the hazards and the stress degree of maize. For the reason that precipitation in the study area was concentrated between mid-late July and early August, maize was susceptible to drought stress during the first two growth stages. Irrigation concentrated in the early and middle stages of maize growth and development in the western part of the Songliao Plain reduced the drought stress-induced damage. Spatiotemporally-detected drought and waterlogging couplings and hazards for maize in the Songliao Plain for 2000\u20132020 provide actionable insights into the prevention and mitigation of such disasters and the implementation of water-saving irrigation practices at the regional scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T04:19:22Z","timestamp":1674447562000},"page":"665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Hazard Assessments of Maize (Zea mays L.) Drought and Waterlogging: A Case Study in Songliao Plain of China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangzhi","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walian","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiquan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"},{"name":"State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingpeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IPCC (2021). 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