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Drought commonly affects terrestrial carbon absorption negatively. Terrestrial biosphere models exhibit significant uncertainties in capturing the carbon flux response to drought, which have an impact on estimates of the global carbon budget. Through plant physiological processes, soil moisture tightly regulates the carbon cycle in the environment. Therefore, accurate observations of soil moisture may enhance the modeling of carbon fluxes in a model\u2013data fusion framework. We employ the Carbon Cycle Data Assimilation System (CCDAS) to assimilate 36-year satellite-derived surface soil moisture observations in combination with flask samples of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We find that, compared to the default model, the performance of optimized net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and gross primary productivity (GPP) has increased with the RMSEs reduced by 1.62 gC\/m2\/month and 10.84 gC\/m2\/month, which indicates the added value of the ESA-CCI soil moisture observations as a constraint on the terrestrial carbon cycle. Additionally, the combination of soil moisture and CO2 concentration in this study improves the representation of inter-annual variability of terrestrial carbon fluxes as well as the atmospheric CO2 growth rate. We thereby investigate the ability of the optimized GPP in responding to drought by comparing continentally aggregated GPP with the drought index. The assimilation of surface soil moisture has been shown to efficiently capture the influences of the sub-annual (\u22649 months drought durations) and large-scale (e.g., regional to continental scales) droughts on GPP. This study highlights the significant potential of satellite soil moisture for constraining inter-annual models of the terrestrial biosphere\u2019s carbon cycle and for illustrating how GPP responds to drought at a continental scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T01:59:03Z","timestamp":1674525543000},"page":"676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Soil Moisture Assimilation Improves Terrestrial Biosphere Model GPP Responses to Sub-Annual Drought at Continental Scale"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiuli","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mousong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3474-5938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Scholze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kaminski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Inversion Lab, 20249 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Vossbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Inversion Lab, 20249 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengyao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Songhan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weimin","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1744-7565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES15-00203.1","article-title":"On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene","volume":"6","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184984","article-title":"Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: Global distribution and covariation with climate","volume":"329","author":"Beer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5339.870","article-title":"The response of global terrestrial ecosystems to interannual temperature variability","volume":"278","author":"Braswell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4556","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002979","article-title":"Global teleconnections of climate to terrestrial carbon flux","volume":"108","author":"Potter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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