{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T05:44:53Z","timestamp":1771739093681,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"mFUND project \u00bbTeilautomatisierte Erstellung objektbasierter Bestandsmodelle mittels Multi-Daten-Fusion\u2013mdfBIM+\u00ab, which is funded by the Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport","award":["19FS2021B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19FS2021B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to increasing traffic on roads and railways, the maintenance of bridges is becoming more and more important. Building Information Modelling (BIM) provides the perfect basis to efficiently plan these maintenance activities. However, for historic bridges, which moreover require intensive maintenance, there is no BIM available. The demand to digitize these bridges is correspondingly high. Further, to the already existing measurement methods (laser scanning, photogrammetry, etc.), a novel workflow for the digitalization of bridges from 2D plans is presented. Based on image processing for corner detection, 3D point cloud reconstruction of parts and fusion of reconstructed parts can be used create a 3D object to scale. The point cloud can serve as a supplement to as-built laser scanning or camera data. The presented method was evaluated based on three bridges over the Dreisam river in Freiburg, Germany.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T01:59:03Z","timestamp":1674525543000},"page":"677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["3D Reconstruction from 2D Plans Exemplified by Bridge Structures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9492-6589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwasi Nyarko","family":"Poku-Agyemang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering INATECH, University of Freiburg, Emmy-Noether-Stra\u00dfe 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department Object and Shape Detection, Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 301, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3196-3876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Reiterer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering INATECH, University of Freiburg, Emmy-Noether-Stra\u00dfe 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department Object and Shape Detection, Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 301, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.02.112","article-title":"Building recognition in urban environments: A survey of state-of-the-art and future challenges","volume":"277","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"3D Reconstruction of Bridges from Airborne Laser Scanning Data and Cadastral Footprints","volume":"5","author":"Goebbels","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geovisualization Spat. Anal."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Koutamanis, A., and Mitossi, V. (September, January 30). Automated recognition of architectural drawings. Proceedings of the 1992 11th IAPR International Conference on Pattern Recognition, IEEE Computer Society, Hague, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"So, C., Baciu, G., and Sun, H. (1998, January 2\u20135). Reconstruction of 3D virtual buildings from 2D architectural floor plans. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1145\/293701.293704"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2009.9","article-title":"Generating 3d building models from architectural drawings: A survey","volume":"29","author":"Yin","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2015.12.008","article-title":"Automatic reconstruction of 3D building models from scanned 2D floor plans","volume":"63","author":"Gimenez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1080\/16864360.2014.914388","article-title":"A new reconstruction method for 3D buildings from 2D vector floor plan","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Des. Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipson, H., and Shpitalni, M. (2007, January 2\u20134). Optimization-based reconstruction of a 3D object from a single freehand line drawing. Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 Courses, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1281500.1281556"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Xue, T., Liu, J., and Tang, X. (2012, January 16\u201321). Example-based 3D object reconstruction from line drawings. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Providence, RI, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Liu, J., and Tang, X. (2013, January 1\u20138). Complex 3d general object reconstruction from line drawings. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.181"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Yang, Y., Zhao, B., Jiang, D., Chen, S., and Sheng, J. (2021). Reconstructing 3D model from single-view sketch with deep neural network. Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5577530"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Qian, C., Wang, J., and Fang, Y. (2018, January 22\u201326). Unsupervised learning of 3D model reconstruction from hand-drawn sketches. Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, Seoul, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1145\/3240508.3240699"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Jaided (2022, August 03). GitHub-EasyOCR. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/JaidedAI\/EasyOCR."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-189X(85)90016-7","article-title":"Topological structural analysis of digitized binary images by border following","volume":"30","author":"Suzuki","year":"1985","journal-title":"Comput. Vision Graph. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Visvalingam, M., and Whyatt, J.D. (2017). Landmarks in Mapping, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-664X(72)80017-0","article-title":"An iterative procedure for the polygonal approximation of plane curves","volume":"1","author":"Ramer","year":"1972","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"191","article-title":"UAV photogrammetry and 3D modelling of complex architecture for maintenance purposes: The case study of the masonry bridge on the Sele river, Italy","volume":"65","author":"Pepe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Period. Polytech. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Boor, C., and De Boor, C. (1978). A Practical Guide to Splines, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-6333-3"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/3\/677\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:14:09Z","timestamp":1760120049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/3\/677"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15030677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15030677","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]}}}