{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T19:03:44Z","timestamp":1767035024631,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Nature Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61931016","62071344","62201408","61911530246","6142206200210","2022TD-38","2023-JC-JQ-55","JKW202108","2022KJXX-38","JKW202108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61931016","62071344","62201408","61911530246","6142206200210","2022TD-38","2023-JC-JQ-55","JKW202108","2022KJXX-38","JKW202108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory Equipment Advanced Research Fund","award":["61931016","62071344","62201408","61911530246","6142206200210","2022TD-38","2023-JC-JQ-55","JKW202108","2022KJXX-38","JKW202108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61931016","62071344","62201408","61911530246","6142206200210","2022TD-38","2023-JC-JQ-55","JKW202108","2022KJXX-38","JKW202108"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province","award":["61931016","62071344","62201408","61911530246","6142206200210","2022TD-38","2023-JC-JQ-55","JKW202108","2022KJXX-38","JKW202108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61931016","62071344","62201408","61911530246","6142206200210","2022TD-38","2023-JC-JQ-55","JKW202108","2022KJXX-38","JKW202108"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["61931016","62071344","62201408","61911530246","6142206200210","2022TD-38","2023-JC-JQ-55","JKW202108","2022KJXX-38","JKW202108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61931016","62071344","62201408","61911530246","6142206200210","2022TD-38","2023-JC-JQ-55","JKW202108","2022KJXX-38","JKW202108"]}]},{"name":"Stabilization support of National Radar Signal Processing Laboratory","award":["61931016","62071344","62201408","61911530246","6142206200210","2022TD-38","2023-JC-JQ-55","JKW202108","2022KJXX-38","JKW202108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61931016","62071344","62201408","61911530246","6142206200210","2022TD-38","2023-JC-JQ-55","JKW202108","2022KJXX-38","JKW202108"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi","award":["61931016","62071344","62201408","61911530246","6142206200210","2022TD-38","2023-JC-JQ-55","JKW202108","2022KJXX-38","JKW202108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61931016","62071344","62201408","61911530246","6142206200210","2022TD-38","2023-JC-JQ-55","JKW202108","2022KJXX-38","JKW202108"]}]},{"name":"National Radar Signal Processing Laboratory","award":["61931016","62071344","62201408","61911530246","6142206200210","2022TD-38","2023-JC-JQ-55","JKW202108","2022KJXX-38","JKW202108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61931016","62071344","62201408","61911530246","6142206200210","2022TD-38","2023-JC-JQ-55","JKW202108","2022KJXX-38","JKW202108"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a cooperated range ambiguous clutter suppression method for moving target detection in the background of range-ambiguous clutter with a phased array (PA)\u2013frequency diverse array (FDA) dual-mode radar. With the FDA mode, the range-ambiguous clutters are discriminated in the transmit spatial frequency domain, and thus the clutter covariance matrixes (CCMs) corresponding to unambiguous and ambiguous regions can be independently estimated. Therefore, the enhanced CCM can be reconstructed by using a linear combination of these distinguished CCMs from different range regions. With the PA mode, the enhanced CCM is applied, thus taking advantages of its high beampattern gain as well as alleviating the range ambiguous clutter suppression problem. Simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in range-ambiguous clutter scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T04:22:16Z","timestamp":1674620536000},"page":"692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cooperated Moving Target Detection Approach for PA-FDA Dual-Mode Radar in Range-Ambiguous Clutter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"given":"Shengqi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1865-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"given":"Xiongpeng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"given":"Ximin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2004.1263229","article-title":"A STAP overview","volume":"19","author":"Melvin","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3528","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2885508","article-title":"Long-time coherent integration algorithm for radar maneuvering weak target with acceleration rate","volume":"57","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Klemm, R. (1995, January 8\u201311). Adaptive airborne MTI: Comparison of sideways and forward looking radar. Proceedings of the International Radar Conference, Alexandria, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20010557","article-title":"Doppler compensation in forward-looking STAP radar","volume":"148","author":"Kreyenkamp","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEE Proc.\u2014Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, F., He, Z., Li, J., and Qian, J. (2016, January 6\u201310). Adaptive angle-Doppler compensation in airborne phased radar for planar array. Proceedings of the IEEE 13th International Conference on Signal Processing, Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSP.2016.7878093"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2005.862941","article-title":"Joint space-time interpolation for distorted linear and bistatic array geometries","volume":"54","author":"Varadarajan","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2011.2176335","article-title":"A robust direct data domain approach for STAP","volume":"60","author":"Cristallini","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2005.863150","article-title":"Minimum norm property for the sum of the adaptive weights for a direct data domain least squares algorithm","volume":"54","author":"Choi","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2008.2012126","article-title":"Short-range clutter suppression for airborne radar by utilizing prefiltering in elevation","volume":"6","author":"Meng","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2009.0121","article-title":"Clutter suppression for airborne non sidelooking radar using ERCB-STAP algorithm","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radar Sonar Navig. IET"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Short-range clutter suppression for airborne radar using sparse recovery and orthogonal projection","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2019.2958174","article-title":"Reduced-DOF three-dimensional STAP via subarray synthesis for nonsidelooking planar array airborne radar","volume":"56","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20030075","article-title":"Localized three-dimensional adaptive spatial-temporal processing for airborne radar","volume":"150","author":"Hale","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEE Proc.\u2014Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbell, P.M., Perez, J.J., and Rangaswamy, M. (2007, January 17\u201320). Enhancing GMTI performance in non-stationary clutter using 3D STAP. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Radar Conference, Waltham, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2007.374295"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Beam-Space Reduced-Dimension 3D-STAP for Nonside-Looking Airborne Radar","volume":"19","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2016.2519765","article-title":"Subspace-augmented clutter suppression technique for STAP radar","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Novel dimension-reduced space\u2013time adaptive processing algorithm for spaceborne multichannel surveillance radar systems based on spatial\u2013temporal 2-D sliding window","volume":"60","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3396","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2015.2422680","article-title":"Joint range and angle estimation using MIMO radar with frequency diverse array","volume":"63","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2021.3083591","article-title":"Single-snapshot angle and incremental range estimation for FDA-MIMO Radar","volume":"57","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34582","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2850816","article-title":"Suppression approach to main-beam deceptive jamming in FDA-MIMO radar using nonhomogeneous sample detection","volume":"6","author":"Lan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9056","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2982194","article-title":"Main-Beam Range deceptive jamming suppression with simulated annealing FDA-MIMO radar","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2016.2605064","article-title":"A range ambiguity resolution approach for high-resolution and wide-swath SAR imaging using frequency diverse array","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2016.2627182","article-title":"An Overview on Time\/Frequency Modulated Array Processing","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2016.2615269","article-title":"An adaptive range-angle-doppler processing approach for FDA-MIMO radar using three-dimensional localization","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2019.05.025","article-title":"Bistatic FDA-MIMO radar space-time adaptive processing","volume":"163","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2015.2465353","article-title":"Range ambiguous clutter suppression for airborne FDA-STAP radar","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5352","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2561308","article-title":"Space-time adaptive processing with vertical frequency diverse array for range-ambiguous clutter suppression","volume":"54","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Wan, P., Zhang, J., Liu, Z., and Xu, J. (2021). Enhanced Pre-STAP Beamforming for Range Ambiguous Clutter Separation with Vertical FDA Radar. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245145"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3057436","article-title":"Range ambiguous clutter suppression for FDA-MIMO forward looking airborne radar based on main lobe correction","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2021.3098100","article-title":"Slow-Time FDA-MIMO Technique With Application to STAP Radar","volume":"58","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2018.09.016","article-title":"Clutter suppression for airborne FDA-MIMO radar using multi-waveform adaptive processing and auxiliary channel STAP","volume":"154","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2014.2329944","article-title":"Orthogonal frequency diversity waveform with range-Doppler optimization for MIMO Radar","volume":"21","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2957815","article-title":"Adaptive Waveform Optimization for MIMO Radar Imaging Based on Sparse Recovery","volume":"58","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2021.3104528","article-title":"Range-dependent ambiguous cutter Suppression for Airborne SSF-STAP Radar","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/3\/692\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:14:50Z","timestamp":1760120090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/3\/692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15030692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15030692","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]}}}