{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:07:44Z","timestamp":1776114464205,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PolyU SHS","award":["P0042322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0042322"]}]},{"name":"PolyU SHS","award":["P0041486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0041486"]}]},{"name":"PolyU SHS","award":["12003057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12003057"]}]},{"name":"PolyU SHS","award":["11873075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11873075"]}]},{"name":"PolyU SHS","award":["20ZR1467400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20ZR1467400"]}]},{"name":"LSGI Internal Research Funds","award":["P0042322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0042322"]}]},{"name":"LSGI Internal Research Funds","award":["P0041486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0041486"]}]},{"name":"LSGI Internal Research Funds","award":["12003057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12003057"]}]},{"name":"LSGI Internal Research Funds","award":["11873075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11873075"]}]},{"name":"LSGI Internal Research Funds","award":["20ZR1467400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20ZR1467400"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["P0042322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0042322"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["P0041486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0041486"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["12003057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12003057"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["11873075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11873075"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20ZR1467400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20ZR1467400"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["P0042322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0042322"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["P0041486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0041486"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["12003057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12003057"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["11873075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11873075"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["20ZR1467400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20ZR1467400"]}]},{"name":"the Opening Project of the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Navigation and Positioning Techniques","award":["P0042322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0042322"]}]},{"name":"the Opening Project of the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Navigation and Positioning Techniques","award":["P0041486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0041486"]}]},{"name":"the Opening Project of the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Navigation and Positioning Techniques","award":["12003057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12003057"]}]},{"name":"the Opening Project of the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Navigation and Positioning Techniques","award":["11873075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11873075"]}]},{"name":"the Opening Project of the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Navigation and Positioning Techniques","award":["20ZR1467400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20ZR1467400"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We analyze satellite altimeter observed Caspian Sea level (CSL) changes over the period January 1993 to December 2021 using the lake level series from the Hydroweb project and global sea level anomalies (SLA) grids provided by the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS). The two altimeter-based CSL series agree well at interannual and longer time scales, but show significantly large discrepancies at seasonal and shorter time scales. The large discrepancies are found to be introduced by the approximately inverted barometer (IB) correction applied to the CMEMS SLA over the Caspian Sea. The IB correction over the Caspian Sea or any enclosed lakes needs to be treated separately from the ocean by using the correct reference mean pressure. The actual IB effects over the Caspian Sea are significantly smaller than those applied in the CMEMS SLA grids. After applying an improved IB correction using the global mean sea level pressure fields from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA5 reanalysis atmospheric model, the two CSL series agree remarkably well. Altimeter observed CSL series show a significant decreasing trend on top of strong seasonal variations. The estimated linear trends for the Hydroweb and CMEMS CSL series are \u22125.37 \u00b1 0.11 and \u22125.40 \u00b1 0.11 cm\/yr, respectively. Annual amplitudes are 17.03 \u00b1 1.33 vs. 15.79 \u00b1 1.30 cm, with nearly the same phases. The CSL change shows notable acceleration in the decreasing trend since around 2005, and the estimated trends have increased to \u22128.86 \u00b1 0.10 and \u22128.81 \u00b1 0.10 cm\/yr, respectively for the two-altimeter CSL series.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T04:54:41Z","timestamp":1674622481000},"page":"703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Caspian Sea Level Change Observed by Satellite Altimetry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5405-8441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianli","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Land and Space, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2289-1858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anny","family":"Cazenave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Legos\/CNES, 14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9305-8006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song-Yun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Navigation and Positioning Techniques, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6927-0549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL00809","article-title":"Caspian Sea Level from Topex-Poseidon Altimetry: Level Now Falling. 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