{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T07:18:18Z","timestamp":1776496698051,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42192562"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42192562"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are persistent, discrete, extreme high-temperature events in the ocean, which can destructively affect marine ecosystems. Using satellite remote sensing data and reanalysis data from 1982 to 2021, we find that six indices characterizing the MHWs are in a remarkable increasing trend in the Japan\/East Sea (JES), which shows that the most severe MHW events take place in the East Korean Bay (EKB) in the summer of 2021. Based on this finding, the present study focuses on the characteristics and mechanisms of the MHWs in the EKB and its adjacent areas from June to August 2021. The analysis reveals that the total days and mean intensity of MHWs that occur in the EKB are 1.84 and 1.47 times more than those averaged in the JES, respectively. It is shown that mechanisms for the occurrences of the MHWs in the summer of 2021 are caused by the atmospheric high-pressure system moving to the EKB area. Other reasons also decrease the water cooling: the net positive lateral heat fluxes across open boundaries, and the weak sea surface wind over the EKB area. Other possible reasons which cause the summer MHW events in 2021 need the oceanic numerical models to further investigate the issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T02:29:31Z","timestamp":1674700171000},"page":"713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Characteristics and Drivers of Marine Heatwaves in 2021 Summer in East Korea Bay, Japan\/East Sea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9692-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sijie","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1231-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Environment Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Coastal Environmental Protection and Ecological Remediation, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6461-5037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongchui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Nanjing 211101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6941-0962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changshui","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8328-8745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenny T. C. Lim Kam","family":"Sian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Science and Remote Sensing, Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China"}]},{"given":"Changming","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1601545","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1601545","article-title":"Improved estimates of ocean heat content from 1960 to 2015","volume":"3","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-021-0447-x","article-title":"Upper Ocean Temperatures Hit Record High in 2020","volume":"38","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"P\u00f6rtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., and Weyer, N. (2019). IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Pearce, A., Lenanton, R.C., Jackson, G., Moore, J., Feng, M., and Gaughan, D.J. (2011). The \u201cmarine heat wave\u201d off Western Australia during the summer of 2010\/11. Fish. Res. Rep., 222."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2015.12.014","article-title":"A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves","volume":"141","author":"Hobday","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03732-9","article-title":"Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century","volume":"9","author":"Oliver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-020-0068-4","article-title":"Keeping pace with marine heatwaves","volume":"1","author":"Holbrook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliver, E.C., Benthuysen, J.A., Darmaraki, S., Donat, M.G., Hobday, A.J., Holbrook, N.J., Schlegel, R.W., and Gupta, A.S. (2020). Marine heatwaves. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-032720-095144"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0383-9","article-title":"Marine heatwaves under global warming","volume":"560","author":"Fischer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00734","article-title":"Projected marine heatwaves in the 21st century and the potential for ecological impact","volume":"6","author":"Oliver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10206-z","article-title":"A global assessment of marine heatwaves and their drivers","volume":"10","author":"Holbrook","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3414","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063306","article-title":"Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific","volume":"42","author":"Bond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-019-0393-8","article-title":"Common cause for severe droughts in South America and marine heatwaves in the South Atlantic","volume":"12","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-20-0144.1","article-title":"Are long-term changes in mixed layer depth influencing North Pacific marine heatwaves?","volume":"102","author":"Amaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01277","article-title":"La Ni\u00f1a forces unprecedented Leeuwin Current warming in 2011","volume":"3","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JC016518","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JC016518","article-title":"Drivers of Marine Heatwaves in the East China Sea and the South Yellow Sea in Three Consecutive Summers During 2016\u20132018","volume":"125","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuroda, H., and Setou, T. (2021). Extensive Marine Heatwaves at the Sea Surface in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean in Summer 2021. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193989"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JC015801","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015801","article-title":"Marine heatwaves in China\u2019s marginal seas and adjacent offshore waters: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"125","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Xu, T., Fang, G., Jiang, S., Wang, G., Wei, Z., and Wang, Y. (2022). Characteristics of Marine Heatwaves in the Japan\/East Sea. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040936"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Chen, S., Wang, N., Yu, P., Yang, X., Wang, Y., and Zhang, Y. (2020, January 12\u201315). Evaluation of multi-model current data in the East\/Japan Sea. Proceedings of the 2020 3rd IEEE International Conference on Information Communication and Signal Processing (ICICSP 2020), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICSP50920.2020.9232090"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8987","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0016.1","article-title":"Robust surface warming in offshore China seas and its relationship to the east Asian monsoon wind field and ocean forcing on interdecadal time scales","volume":"30","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-20-0166.1","article-title":"Improvements of the Daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (DOISST) Version 2.1","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L15606","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030812","article-title":"Global observations of large oceanic eddies","volume":"34","author":"Chelton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2011.01.002","article-title":"Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies","volume":"91","author":"Chelton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16101","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms16101","article-title":"The unprecedented 2015\/16 Tasman Sea marine heatwave","volume":"8","author":"Oliver","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01124","article-title":"A MATLAB toolbox to detect and analyze marine heatwaves","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JC017792","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JC017792","article-title":"Variations in summer marine heatwaves in the South China Sea","volume":"126","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009419","article-title":"Frontogenesis and frontolysis of the subpolar front in the surface mixed layer of the Japan Sea","volume":"119","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1256\/wea.74.04","article-title":"Factors contributing to the summer 2003 European heatwave","volume":"59","author":"Black","year":"2004","journal-title":"Weather"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L19704","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL044865","article-title":"Record warming in the South Pacific and western Antarctica associated with the strong central-Pacific El Ni\u00f1o in 2009\u201310","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, W., Bang, M., Joh, Y., Ham, Y.-G., Kang, N., and Jang, C.J. (2022). Characteristics and Mechanisms of Marine Heatwaves in the East Asian Marginal Seas: Regional and Seasonal Differences. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153522"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153414","article-title":"Marine heatwave events near Weizhou island, beibu gulf in 2020 and their possible relations to coral bleaching","volume":"823","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2022.103750","article-title":"Long-term variation in volume transport of the Tsushima warm current estimated from ADCP current measurement and sea level differences in the Korea\/Tsushima Strait","volume":"232","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2014.05.012","article-title":"Evidence of a southward eddy corridor in the South-West Indian ocean","volume":"119","author":"Ansorge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4294","article-title":"Global heat and salt transports by eddy movement","volume":"5","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC009862","article-title":"Long-term annual primary production in the Ulleung Basin as a biological hot spot in the East\/Japan Sea","volume":"119","author":"Joo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-020-00563-5","article-title":"Increasing trend in Japan Sea Throughfow transport","volume":"77","author":"Kida","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/3\/713\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:15:47Z","timestamp":1760120147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/3\/713"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15030713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15030713","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]}}}