{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T03:29:32Z","timestamp":1774668572684,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Geological Survey of Belgium"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatio-temporal ground-movement measurements and mappings have been carried out in the Campine coalfield in Belgian Limburg since the closure of the mines to document post-mining effects. MT-InSAR measurements are compared to groundwater head changes in the overburden and to height data from the closest GNSS stations. Radar interferometry is used to estimate the extension and the velocity of ground movements. In particular, the MT-InSAR technique has been applied to SAR acquisitions of the satellites ERS-1\/2 (1991\u20132005), ENVISAT (2003\u20132010), COSMO-SkyMed (2011\u20132014), and Sentinel-1A (2014\u20132022). The images were processed and used to highlight a switch from subsidence to uplift conditions in the western part of the coal basin, while the eastern part had already been affected by a rebound since the beginning of the ERS-1\/2 acquisitions. Following the closure of the last active colliery of Zolder in 1992 and the subsequent cease of mine-water pumping, a recharge of mine-water aquifers occurred in the western part of the basin. This process provoked the change from subsidence to uplift conditions that was recorded during the ENVISAT period. In the center of the coal-mining area, measured uplift velocities reached a maximum of 18 mm\/year during the ENVISAT period, while they subsided at \u221212 mm\/year during the ERS-1\/2 period. Mean velocities in the western and eastern parts of the coalfield area have decreased since the last MT-InSAR measurements were performed using Sentinel-1A, while the Zolder coal mine continues to rise at a faster-than-average rate of a maximum of 16 mm\/year. The eastern part of the coalfield is still uplifting, while its rate has been reduced from 18 mm\/year (ERS-1\/2) to 9 mm\/year (Sentinel-1A) since the beginning of the radar\u2013satellite observations. Time-series data from the two GNSS stations present in the study area were used for a local comparison with the evolution of ground movements observed by MT-InSAR. Two leveling campaigns (2000, 2013) were also used to make comparisons with the MT-InSAR data. The station\u2019s measurements and the leveling data were in line with the MT-InSAR data. Overall, major ground movements are obviously limited to an extension of the actual underground-mining works and rapidly diminish outside of them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T02:30:38Z","timestamp":1674786638000},"page":"725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Post Mining Ground Deformations Transition Related to Coal Mines Closure in the Campine Coal Basin, Belgium, Evidenced by Three Decades of MT-InSAR Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6705-7672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre-Yves","family":"Declercq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"O.D. Earth and History of Life, Geological Survey of Belgium, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Michiel","family":"Dusar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"O.D. Earth and History of Life, Geological Survey of Belgium, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Pirard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department ARGENCO\/Gemme\u2014GEO3, Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge (ULi\u00e8ge), 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9045-6049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Verbeurgt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Geographic Institute Belgium, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department Geography & Geomatics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2184-4187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atefe","family":"Choopani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"O.D. Earth and History of Life, Geological Survey of Belgium, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department ARGENCO\/Gemme\u2014GEO3, Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge (ULi\u00e8ge), 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8841-1159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Devleeschouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"O.D. Earth and History of Life, Geological Survey of Belgium, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Devleeschouwer, X., Declercq, P.Y., Dusar, M., and Debien, A. (2007, January 26\u201330). Contrasting Ground Movements Revealed by Radar Interferometry in the Abandoned Coal Concessions (Campine, Belgium). 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