{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T18:56:58Z","timestamp":1785178618497,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]],"date-time":"2023-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42171269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171269"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.B-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.B-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19BJL030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19BJL030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Academician Workstation Cooperative Research Project","award":["42171269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171269"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Academician Workstation Cooperative Research Project","award":["2020.B-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.B-001"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Academician Workstation Cooperative Research Project","award":["19BJL030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19BJL030"]}]},{"name":"Social Science Foundation of Xinjiang Autonomous Region","award":["42171269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171269"]}]},{"name":"Social Science Foundation of Xinjiang Autonomous Region","award":["2020.B-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.B-001"]}]},{"name":"Social Science Foundation of Xinjiang Autonomous Region","award":["19BJL030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19BJL030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although understanding the carbon and water cycles of dryland ecosystems in terms of water use efficiency (WUE) is important, WUE and its driving mechanisms are less understood in Central Asia. This study calculated Central Asian WUE for 2001\u20132021 based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and analyzed its spatial and temporal variability using temporal information entropy. The importance of atmospheric factors, hydrological factors, and biological factors in driving WUE in Central Asia was also explored using a geographic detector. The results show the following: (1) the average WUE in Central Asia from 2001\u20132021 is 2.584\u20133.607 gCkg\u22121H2O, with weak inter-annual variability and significant intra-annual variability and spatial distribution changes; (2) atmospheric and hydrological factors are strong drivers, with land surface temperature (LST) being the strongest driver of WUE, explaining 54.8% of variation; (3) the interaction of the driving factors can enhance the driving effect by more than 60% for the interaction between most atmospheric factors and vegetation factors, of which the effect of the interaction of temperature (TEM) with vegetation cover (FVC) is the greatest, explaining 68.1% of the change in WUE. Furthermore, the interaction of driving factors with very low explanatory power (e.g., water pressure (VAP), aerosol optical depth over land (AOD), and groundwater (GWS)) has a significant enhancement effect. Vegetation is an important link in driving WUE, and it is important to understand the mechanisms of WUE change to guide ecological restoration projects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T10:19:28Z","timestamp":1675073968000},"page":"767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Spatio-Temporal Changes in Water Use Efficiency and Its Driving Factors in Central Asia (2001\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9228-0617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaofeng","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 800046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environment Modelling of Higher Education Institute, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianli","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 800046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environment Modelling of Higher Education Institute, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7855-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 800046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environment Modelling of Higher Education Institute, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 800046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environment Modelling of Higher Education Institute, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruimei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 800046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environment Modelling of Higher Education Institute, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 800046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environment Modelling of Higher Education Institute, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 800046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environment Modelling of Higher Education Institute, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 800046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environment Modelling of Higher Education Institute, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13428","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13428","article-title":"Recent pause in the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 due to enhanced terrestrial carbon uptake","volume":"7","author":"Keenan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23284","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23284","article-title":"Contrasting responses of water use efficiency to drought across global terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00114-5","article-title":"Recent increases in terrestrial carbon uptake at little cost to the water cycle","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12873","article-title":"Change in terrestrial ecosystem water-use efficiency over the last three decades","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12291","article-title":"Increase in forest water-use efficiency as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise","volume":"499","author":"Keenan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.01224.x","article-title":"What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO2","volume":"165","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2005","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1668","article-title":"The dominant role of semi-arid ecosystems in the trend and variability of the land CO2 sink","volume":"348","author":"Raupach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13376","article-title":"Contribution of semi-arid ecosystems to interannual variability of the global carbon cycle","volume":"509","author":"Poulter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14196","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14196","article-title":"Climate change reduces extent of temperate drylands and intensifies drought in deep soils","volume":"8","author":"Schlaepfer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111401","article-title":"Remote sensing of dryland ecosystem structure and function: Progress, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"233","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/2\/024002","article-title":"High sensitivity of future global warming to land carbon cycle processes","volume":"7","author":"Booth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04504","article-title":"Detection of a direct carbon dioxide effect in continental river runoff records","volume":"439","author":"Gedney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1119282","article-title":"Trading Water for Carbon with Biological Carbon Sequestration","volume":"310","author":"Jackson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2831","article-title":"Reduced streamflow in water-stressed climates consistent with CO2 effects on vegetation","volume":"6","author":"Ukkola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2011.05.003","article-title":"Patterns and processes of carbon, water and energy cycles across northern Australian landscapes: From point to region","volume":"151","author":"Beringer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2013.08.007","article-title":"Carbon fluxes, evapotranspiration, and water use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems in China","volume":"182\u2013183","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2015.12.059","article-title":"Ten-year variability in ecosystem water use efficiency in an oak-dominated temperate forest under a warming climate","volume":"218\u2013219","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128257","article-title":"Vegetation restoration dominated the variation of water use efficiency in China","volume":"612","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.12.017","article-title":"A new indicator of ecosystem water use efficiency based on surface soil moisture retrieved from remote sensing","volume":"75","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7483","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07483","article-title":"How is water-use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems distributed and changing on Earth?","volume":"4","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2013.01.003","article-title":"Development of a two-leaf light use efficiency model for improving the calculation of terrestrial gross primary productivity","volume":"173","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-019-1691-1","article-title":"Estimation and analysis of the ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration in forest ecosystems along the North-South Transect of East China","volume":"29","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034022","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab68ec","article-title":"Increased carbon uptake and water use efficiency in global semi-arid ecosystems","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"art174","DOI":"10.1890\/ES14-00416.1","article-title":"Global patterns, trends, and drivers of water use efficiency from 2000 to 2013","volume":"6","author":"Xue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.013","article-title":"A comprehensive evaluation of two MODIS evapotranspiration products over the conterminous United States: Using point and gridded FLUXNET and water balance ET","volume":"139","author":"Velpuri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.05.084","article-title":"A global examination of the response of ecosystem water-use efficiency to drought based on MODIS data","volume":"601\u2013602","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108985","article-title":"Using MODIS data to analyse the ecosystem water use efficiency spatial-temporal variations across Central Asia from 2000 to 2014","volume":"182","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112791","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variability of water use efficiency and its drivers in major forest formations in India","volume":"269","author":"Nandy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.07.003","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variations in water use efficiency and its drivers in China over the last three decades","volume":"94","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031","article-title":"Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone","volume":"202","author":"Gorelick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084025","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab8e8b","article-title":"Interactive and individual effects of multi-factor controls on water use efficiency in Central Asian ecosystems","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106220","article-title":"Contributions of climate, elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and land surface changes to variation in water use efficiency in Northwest China","volume":"213","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2020.107953","article-title":"Environmental and canopy stomatal control on ecosystem water use efficiency in a riparian poplar plantation","volume":"287","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.04.016","article-title":"Satellite-based estimation of surface vapor pressure deficits using MODIS land surface temperature data","volume":"112","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-018-0212-7","article-title":"Increased water-use efficiency and reduced CO2 uptake by plants during droughts at a continental scale","volume":"11","author":"Peters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1071\/AR05069","article-title":"Drought resistance, water-use efficiency, and yield potentialare they compatible, dissonant, or mutually exclusive?","volume":"56","author":"Blum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6753","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL061439","article-title":"Global synthesis of vegetation control on evapotranspiration partitioning","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.08.017","article-title":"Adapting a regularized canopy reflectance model (REGFLEC) for the retrieval challenges of dryland agricultural systems","volume":"186","author":"Houborg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-021-00308-2","article-title":"Improved dryland carbon flux predictions with explicit consideration of water-carbon coupling","volume":"2","author":"Barnes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2012.01.013","article-title":"Global desertification: Drivers and feedbacks","volume":"51","author":"Bhattachan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.08.026","article-title":"Regional-scale soil salinity assessment using Landsat ETM+ canopy reflectance","volume":"169","author":"Scudiero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1533661","article-title":"Analysis of remote sensing time-series data to foster ecosystem sustainability: Use of temporal information entropy","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118273","article-title":"Validation and comparison of high-resolution MAIAC aerosol products over Central Asia","volume":"251","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810802443457","article-title":"Geographical Detectors-Based Health Risk Assessment and its Application in the Neural Tube Defects Study of the Heshun Region, China","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.02.052","article-title":"A measure of spatial stratified heterogeneity","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1071\/FP02076","article-title":"Understanding plant responses to drought &#8212; from genes to the whole plant","volume":"30","author":"Chaves","year":"2003","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, J., Ding, J., Welp, M., Huang, S., and Liu, B. (2020). Assessing the Response of Ecosystem Water Use Efficiency to Drought During and after Drought Events across Central Asia. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030581"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.114.252940","article-title":"The Evolution of Mechanisms Driving the Stomatal Response to Vapor Pressure Deficit","volume":"167","author":"McAdam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(00)00220-6","article-title":"Increasing agricultural water use efficiency to meet future food production","volume":"82","author":"Wallace","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"102969","article-title":"Exploring the capability of Gaofen-5 hyperspectral data for assessing soil salinity risks","volume":"112","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106054","article-title":"Updated soil salinity with fine spatial resolution and high accuracy: The synergy of Sentinel-2 MSI, environmental covariates and hybrid machine learning approaches","volume":"212","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.5589\/m10-021","article-title":"A land surface phenology assessment of the northern polar regions using MODIS reflectance time series","volume":"36","author":"Beurs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-022-1311-3","article-title":"Quantitative Assessment of the Relative Contributions of Climate and Human Factors to Net Primary Productivity in the Ili River Basin of China and Kazakhstan","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.424","article-title":"Assessment of the Geographical Detector Method for investigating heavy metal source apportionment in an urban watershed of Eastern China","volume":"653","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3114","article-title":"The increasing importance of atmospheric demand for ecosystem water and carbon fluxes","volume":"6","author":"Novick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02237.x","article-title":"Water-mediated responses of ecosystem carbon fluxes to climatic change in a temperate steppe","volume":"177","author":"Niu","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.04.001","article-title":"Evaluating evapotranspiration and water-use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous United States using MODIS and AmeriFlux data","volume":"114","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, X., Ding, J., Jin, X., Wang, J., Chen, X., Li, X., Liu, J., and Xie, B. (2021). Estimating Agricultural Soil Moisture Content through UAV-Based Hyperspectral Images in the Arid Region. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081562"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5009","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-4513-5","article-title":"An integrated assessment of the impact of precipitation and groundwater on vegetation growth in arid and semiarid areas","volume":"74","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4875","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32631-3","article-title":"Increasing sensitivity of dryland vegetation greenness to precipitation due to rising atmospheric CO2","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-022-01061-7","article-title":"Global water availability boosted by vegetation-driven changes in atmospheric moisture transport","volume":"15","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125355","article-title":"Spatial patterns of vegetation carbon sinks and sources under water constraint in Central Asia","volume":"590","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-18-193-2014","article-title":"Comparison of different evaporation estimates over the African continent","volume":"18","author":"Trambauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.10.017","article-title":"Comparison of MOD16 and LSA-SAF MSG evapotranspiration products over Europe for 2011","volume":"156","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2020.107959","article-title":"The potential of remote sensing-based models on global water-use efficiency estimation: An evaluation and intercomparison of an ecosystem model (BESS) and algorithm (MODIS) using site level and upscaled eddy covariance data","volume":"287","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4495","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-15-4495-2018","article-title":"Does predictability of fluxes vary between FLUXNET sites?","volume":"15","author":"Haughton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/3\/767\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:18:50Z","timestamp":1760120330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/3\/767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15030767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15030767","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]}}}