{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T07:20:26Z","timestamp":1773818426480,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]],"date-time":"2023-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Ram\u00f3n Areces Foundation postdoctoral fellowship","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The wall-to-wall prediction of fuel structural characteristics conducive to high fire severity is essential to provide integrated insights for implementing pre-fire management strategies designed to mitigate the most harmful ecological effects of fire in fire-prone plant communities. Here, we evaluate the potential of high point cloud density LiDAR data from the Portuguese \u00e1GiLTerFoRus project to characterize pre-fire surface and canopy fuel structure and predict wildfire severity. The study area corresponds to a pilot LiDAR flight area of around 21,000 ha in central Portugal intersected by a mixed-severity wildfire that occurred one month after the LiDAR survey. Fire severity was assessed through the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) index computed from pre- and post-fire Sentinel-2A Level 2A scenes. In addition to continuous data, fire severity was also categorized (low or high) using appropriate dNBR thresholds for the plant communities in the study area. We computed several metrics related to the pre-fire distribution of surface and canopy fuels strata with a point cloud mean density of 10.9 m\u22122. The Random Forest (RF) algorithm was used to evaluate the capacity of the set of pre-fire LiDAR metrics to predict continuous and categorized fire severity. The accuracy of RF regression and classification model for continuous and categorized fire severity data, respectively, was remarkably high (pseudo-R2 = 0.57 and overall accuracy = 81%) considering that we only focused on variables related to fuel structure and loading. The pre-fire fuel metrics with the highest contribution to RF models were proxies for horizontal fuel continuity (fractional cover metric) and the distribution of fuel loads and canopy openness up to a 10 m height (density metrics), indicating increased fire severity with higher surface fuel load and higher horizontal and vertical fuel continuity. Results evidence that the technical specifications of LiDAR acquisitions framed within the \u00e1GiLTerFoRus project enable accurate fire severity predictions through point cloud data with high density.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T10:19:28Z","timestamp":1675073968000},"page":"768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Using Pre-Fire High Point Cloud Density LiDAR Data to Predict Fire Severity in Central Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6065-3981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Guisuraga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e de Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0336-4398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo M.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e de Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"ForestWISE\u2014Collaborative Laboratory for Integrated Forest and Fire Management, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0030-1299.2005.13596.x","article-title":"Plant persistence traits in fire-prone ecosystems of the Mediterranean Basin: A phylogenetic approach","volume":"109","author":"Pausas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01609","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1609","article-title":"Predicting conifer establishment post wildfire in mixed conifer forests of the North American Mediterranean-climate zone","volume":"7","author":"Welch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1071\/WF07151","article-title":"Are wildfires a disaster in the Mediterranean basin?\u2014A review","volume":"17","author":"Pausas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. 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