{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T21:04:32Z","timestamp":1772831072252,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French Space Agency (CNES) in the frame of the DUACS R&amp;D project","award":["20221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20221"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes the demonstration of a regional high-resolution level-3 (L3) altimeter data unification and altimeter combination system (DUACS) developed with support from the French space agency (CNES). Deduced from full-rate (20 Hz to 40 Hz) level-2 (L2) altimeter measurements, this product provides sea level anomalies (SLA) and other essential physical variables at a spatial resolution of one sample every ~1 km over the North Atlantic Ocean. This allows us to resolve wavelengths from ~35 km to ~55 km depending on the altimeter considered. This was made possible by recent advances in radar altimeter processing for both synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and low-resolution-mode (LRM) measurements, as well as improvements made to different stages of the DUACS processing chain. Firstly, the new adaptive and low-resolution with range migration correction (LR-RMC) processing techniques were considered for Jason and Sentinel-3 (S3A), respectively. They significantly reduce errors at short wavelengths, and the adaptive processing also reduces possible land contamination near the coast. Next, up-to-date geophysical and environmental corrections were selected for this production. This includes specific corrections intended to reduce the measurement noise on LRM measurements and thus enhance the observability at short wavelengths. Compared with the 1 Hz product, the observable wavelengths reached with the demonstration high-resolution product are reduced by up to one third, or up to half in the northeast Atlantic region. The residual noises were optimally filtered from full-rate measurements, taking into consideration the different observing capabilities of the altimeters processed. A specific data recovery strategy was applied, significantly optimizing the data availability, both in the coastal and open ocean areas. This demonstration L3 product is thus better resolved than the conventional 1 Hz product, especially near the coast, where it is defined up to ~5 km against ~10 km for the 1 Hz version. Multi-mission cross-calibration processing was also optimized with an improved long-wavelength error (LWE) correction, leading to a better consistency between tracks, with a 9\u201315% reduction in SLA variance at cross-overs. The new L3 product improves the overall consistency with tide gauge measurements, with a reduction in SLA differences variance by 5 and 17% compared with the 1 Hz product from the S3A and Jason-3 (J3) measurements, respectively. Primarily intended for regional applications, this product can significantly contribute to improving high-resolution numerical model output via data assimilation. It also opens new perspectives for a better understanding of regional sea-surface dynamics, with an improved representation of the coastal currents and a refined spectral content revealing the unbalanced signal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T02:04:52Z","timestamp":1675130692000},"page":"793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Refining the Resolution of DUACS Along-Track Level-3 Sea Level Altimetry Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6701-6168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Isabelle","family":"Pujol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CLS, 11 rue Herm\u00e8s, Parc Technologique du Canal, 31520 Ramonville St. Agne, France"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Dupuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLS, 11 rue Herm\u00e8s, Parc Technologique du Canal, 31520 Ramonville St. Agne, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5673-8192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Vergara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLS, 11 rue Herm\u00e8s, Parc Technologique du Canal, 31520 Ramonville St. Agne, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2432-7051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"S\u00e1nchez Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMEDEA, C\/Miquel Marqu\u00e8s, 21-07190 Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain"}]},{"given":"Yannice","family":"Faug\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLS, 11 rue Herm\u00e8s, Parc Technologique du Canal, 31520 Ramonville St. Agne, France"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Prandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLS, 11 rue Herm\u00e8s, Parc Technologique du Canal, 31520 Ramonville St. Agne, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8959-7066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei-Ling","family":"Dabat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLS, 11 rue Herm\u00e8s, Parc Technologique du Canal, 31520 Ramonville St. Agne, France"}]},{"given":"Quentin","family":"Dagneaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLS, 11 rue Herm\u00e8s, Parc Technologique du Canal, 31520 Ramonville St. Agne, France"}]},{"given":"Marine","family":"Lievin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLS, 11 rue Herm\u00e8s, Parc Technologique du Canal, 31520 Ramonville St. Agne, France"}]},{"given":"Emeline","family":"Cadier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLS, 11 rue Herm\u00e8s, Parc Technologique du Canal, 31520 Ramonville St. Agne, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3644-2495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e9rald","family":"Dibarboure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNES, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, CEDEX 9, 31401 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Picot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNES, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, CEDEX 9, 31401 Toulouse, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1998)015<0522:AIMMOM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An Improved Mapping Method of Multisatellite Altimeter Data","volume":"15","author":"Nadal","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19477","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JC900063","article-title":"Global high-resolution mapping of ocean circulation from TOPEX\/Poseidon and ERS-1 and -2","volume":"105","author":"Ducet","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2011.584826","article-title":"Jason-2 in DUACS: Updated System Description, First Tandem Results and Impact on Processing and Products","volume":"34","author":"Dibarboure","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.5194\/os-12-1067-2016","article-title":"DUACS DT2014: The new multi-mission altimeter data set reprocessed over 20 years","volume":"12","author":"Pujol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.5194\/os-15-1207-2019","article-title":"DUACS DT2018: 25 years of reprocessed sea level altimetry products","volume":"15","author":"Taburet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00348","article-title":"Requirements for a Coastal Hazards Observing System","volume":"6","author":"Benveniste","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vignudelli, S., Kostianoy, A.G., Cipollini, P., and Benveniste, J. (2011). Coastal Altimetry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12796-0"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2022, December 19). Mercator Ocean CMEMS Partners, CMEMS Requirements for the Evolution of the Copernicus Satellite Component. Available online: https:\/\/marine.copernicus.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/pdf\/2020-10\/CMEMS-requirements-satellites.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2022, December 19). SWOT NASA\/JPL Project, Surface Water and Ocean Topography Mission (SWOT\u00a7) Project Science Requirements Document, Available online: https:\/\/swot.jpl.nasa.gov\/system\/documents\/files\/2176_2176_D-61923_SRD_Rev_B_20181113.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.40.111406.102139","article-title":"Ocean Circulation Kinetic Energy: Reservoirs, Sources, and Sinks","volume":"41","author":"Ferrari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-15-0087.1","article-title":"Mesoscale to Submesoscale Wavenumber Spectra in Drake Passage","volume":"46","author":"Rocha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JPO3810.1","article-title":"Mesoscale to Submesoscale Transition in the California Current System. Part III: Energy Balance and Flux","volume":"38","author":"Capet","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JPO3773.1","article-title":"Upper Ocean Turbulence from High-Resolution 3D Simulations","volume":"38","author":"Klein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02983-w","article-title":"Ocean submesoscales as a key component of the global heat budget","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-13-00081.1","article-title":"Investigating Short-Wavelength Correlated Errors on Low-Resolution Mode Altimetry","volume":"31","author":"Dibarboure","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vignudelli, S., Kostianoy, A., and Benveniste, J. (2011). Coastal Altimetry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12796-0"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"8","article-title":"Modeling the barotropic response of the global ocean to atmospheric wind and pressure forcing-comparisons with observations","volume":"30","author":"Lyard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.5194\/os-17-615-2021","article-title":"FES2014 global ocean tide atlas: Design and performance","volume":"17","author":"Lyard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-18-0127.1","article-title":"Baroclinic Tidal Sea Level from Exact-Repeat Mission Altimetry","volume":"49","author":"Zaron","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, M.J., and L\u00e1zaro, C. (2016). GPD+ Wet Tropospheric Corrections for CryoSat-2 and GFO Altimetry Missions. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100851"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vignudelli, S., Kostianoy, A.G., Cipollini, P., and Benveniste, J. (2011). Coastal Altimetry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12796-0"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.06.018","article-title":"Improving the quality of Sentinel-3A data with a hybrid mean sea surface model, and implications for Sentinel-3B and SWOT","volume":"68","author":"Dibarboure","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Sandwell, D., Dibarboure, G., and Picot, N. (2022, December 19). High Resolution Mean Sea Surface for SWOT, 2017. Available online: https:\/\/express.adobe.com\/page\/MkjujdFYVbHsZ\/."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verron, J., Bonnefond, P., Aouf, L., Birol, F., Bhowmick, S.A., Calmant, S., Conchy, T., Cr\u00e9taux, J.-F., Dibarboure, G., and Dubey, A.K. (2018). The Benefits of the Ka-Band as Evidenced from the SARAL\/AltiKa Altimetric Mission: Scientific Applications. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020163"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Pujol, M.I., Dupuy, S., Vergara, O., S\u00e1nchez-Rom\u00e1n, A., Faug\u00e8re, Y., Prandi, P., Dabat, M.L., Dagneaux, Q., Lievin, M., and Cadier, E. (2015). CP40\u2014Cryosat Plus for Oceans: CP40 ESA Contract 4000106169\/12\/I-NB, European Space Agency."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2018.01.006","article-title":"From conventional to Delay Doppler altimetry: A demonstration of continuity and improvements with the Cryosat-2 mission","volume":"62","author":"Raynal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Boy, F., Moreau, T., Thibaut, P., Rieu, P., Aublanc, J., Picot, N., F\u00e9m\u00e9nias, P., and Mavrocordatos, C. (2017). New Stacking Method for Removing the SAR Sensitivity to Swell, Pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 OSTST. Available online: https:\/\/ostst.aviso.altimetry.fr\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/IPM_04__New_Stacking_Process_Boy_OSTST2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2607122","article-title":"Fully Focused SAR Altimetry: Theory and Applications","volume":"55","author":"Egido","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.12.038","article-title":"High-performance altimeter Doppler processing for measuring sea level height under varying sea state conditions","volume":"67","author":"Moreau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vignudelli, S., Kostianoy, A.G., Cipollini, P., and Benveniste, J. (2011). Coastal Altimetry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12796-0"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.02.008","article-title":"ALES: A multi-mission adaptive subwaveform retracker for coastal and open ocean altimetry","volume":"145","author":"Passaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Romote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2005.02724.x","article-title":"Retracking ERS-1 altimeter waveforms for optimal gravity field recovery","volume":"163","author":"Sandwell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Thibaut, P., Piras, F., Poisson, J.C., Moreau, T., Halimi, A., Boy, F., Guillot, A., Le Gac, S., and Picot, N. (2017). Convergent Solutions for Retracking Conventional and Delay Doppler Altimeter Echoes, Pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 OSTST. Available online: https:\/\/ostst.aviso.altimetry.fr\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/IPM_06_Thibaut_LRM_SAR_Retrackers_-_16.9.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.09.007","article-title":"Improving the precision of sea level data from satellite altimetry with high-frequency and regional sea state bias corrections","volume":"218","author":"Passaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2019.11.034","article-title":"Assessing the effects of sea-state related errors on the precision of high-rate Jason-3 altimeter sea level data","volume":"68","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3741","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2886998","article-title":"Removing Intra-1-Hz Covariant Error to Improve Altimetric Profiles of \u03c30 and Sea Surface Height","volume":"57","author":"Quartly","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.01.005","article-title":"On denoising satellite altimeter measurements for high-resolution geophysical signal analysis","volume":"68","author":"Quilfen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-15-0164.1","article-title":"Identification and Reduction of Retracker-Related Noise in Altimeter-Derived Sea Surface Height Measurements","volume":"33","author":"Zaron","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Mercier, F., Rosmorduc, V., Carrere, L., and Thibaut, P. (2022, December 19). Coastal and Hydrology Altimetry Product (PISTACH) Handbook. Available online: https:\/\/www.aviso.altimetry.fr\/fileadmin\/documents\/data\/tools\/hdbk_Pistach.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2016.11.005","article-title":"Coastal applications from nadir altimetry: Example of the X-TRACK regional products","volume":"59","author":"Birol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vignudelli, S., Kostianoy, A., Cipollini, P., and Benveniste, J. (2011). Coastal Altimetry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12796-0"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2021.01.049","article-title":"The X-TRACK\/ALES multi-mission processing system: New advances in altimetry towards the coast","volume":"67","author":"Birol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Gr\u00e9goire, M., and EO4SIBS Consortium (ESA Project) (2022, December 19). Earth Observation Products for Science and Innovation in the Black Sea, Pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 EGU21, Gather Online, 2021. Available online: https:\/\/meetingorganizer.copernicus.org\/EGU21\/EGU21-10237.html."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01166-z","article-title":"Southern ocean sea level anomaly in the sea ice-covered sector from multimission satellite observations","volume":"9","author":"Auger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5469","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-5469-2021","article-title":"Arctic sea surface height maps from multi-altimeter combination","volume":"13","author":"Prandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thibaut, P., Piras, F., Roinard, H., Guerou, A., Boy, F., Maraldi, C., Bignalet-Cazalet, F., Dibarboure, G., and Picot, N. (2021, January 11\u201316). Benefits of the adaptive retracking solution for the Jason-3 GDR-F reprocessing campaign. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS, Brussels, Belgium. Available online: https:\/\/igarss2021.com\/view_paper.php?PaperNum=4121.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS47720.2021.9553647"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5299","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2813061","article-title":"Development of an ENVISAT Altimetry Processor Providing Sea Level Continuity Between Open Ocean and Arctic Leads","volume":"56","author":"Poisson","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Tran, N., and Figerou, S. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Tran, N., Philipps, S., Poisson, J.-C., Urien, S., Bronner, E., and Picot, N. (2012). Impact of GDR_D Standards on SSB Corrections, Pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 OSTST. Available online: http:\/\/www.aviso.altimetry.fr\/fileadmin\/documents\/OSTST\/2012\/oral\/02_friday_28\/01_instr_processing_I\/01_IP1_Tran.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6826(99)00067-X","article-title":"Automated daily process for global ionospheric total electron content maps and satellite ocean altimeter ionospheric calibration based on Global Positioning System data","volume":"61","author":"Iijima","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Carrere, L., Lyard, F., Cancet, M., Allain, D., Guillot, A., and Picot, N. (2016). Final Version of the FES2014 Global Ocean Tidal Model, Which Includes a New Loading Tide Solution, Pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 OSTST. Available online: https:\/\/ostst.aviso.altimetry.fr\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/tx_ausyclsseminar\/files\/Poster_FES2014b_OSTST_2016.pdf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1971.tb01803.x","article-title":"New Computations of the Tide-generating Potential","volume":"23","author":"Cartwright","year":"1971","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1973.tb03420.x","article-title":"Corrected Tables of Tidal Harmonics","volume":"33","author":"Cartwright","year":"1973","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-015-0848-7","article-title":"Revisiting the pole tide for and from satellite altimetry","volume":"89","author":"Desai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Schaeffer, P., Faugere, Y., Guillot, A., and Picot, N. (2016). The CNES CLS 2015 Global Mean Sea Surface, Pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 OSTST. Available online: https:\/\/ostst.aviso.altimetry.fr\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/tx_ausyclsseminar\/files\/GEO_03_Pres_OSTST2016_MSS_CNES_CLS2015_V1_16h55.pdf."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5889","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JC013503","article-title":"Gauging the Improvement of Recent Mean Sea Surface Models: A New Approach for Identifying and Quantifying Their Errors","volume":"123","author":"Pujol","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.5194\/os-17-789-2021","article-title":"The new CNES-CLS18 global mean dynamic topography","volume":"17","author":"Mulet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.5194\/os-10-731-2014","article-title":"Computation of a new mean dynamic topography for the Mediterranean Sea from model outputs, altimeter measurements and oceanographic in situ data","volume":"10","author":"Rio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.09.037","article-title":"Exploiting the Sentinel-3 tandem phase dataset and azimuth oversampling to better characterize the sensitivity of SAR altimeter sea surface height to long ocean waves","volume":"67","author":"Rieu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/01490410490465210","article-title":"Improving the Jason-1 Ground Retracking to Better Account for Attitude Effects","volume":"27","author":"Amarouche","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2010.491033","article-title":"Relative Performance of the MLE3 and MLE4 Retracking Algorithms on Jason-2 Altimeter Waveforms","volume":"33","author":"Thibaut","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9927","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2021.3064236","article-title":"Benefits of the Adaptive Algorithm for Retracking Altimeter Nadir Echoes: Results From Simulations and CFOSAT\/SWIM Observations","volume":"59","author":"Tourain","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4910","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC010904","article-title":"Mesoscale resolution capability of altimetry: Present and future","volume":"121","author":"Dufau","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-12-0106.1","article-title":"The Effects of Altimeter Instrument Noise on the Estimation of the Wavenumber Spectrum of Sea Surface Height","volume":"42","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Roinard, H., and Michaud, L. (2019). Annual Report 2019: Jason-3 Validation and Cross Calibration Activities, CNES. Available online: https:\/\/www.aviso.altimetry.fr\/fileadmin\/documents\/calval\/validation_report\/J3\/SALP-RP-MA-EA-23399-CLS_Jason-3_AnnualReport2019_v1-1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-13-49-2019","article-title":"Version 2 of the EUMETSAT OSI SAF and ESA CCI sea-ice concentration climate data records","volume":"13","author":"Lavergne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1109\/36.718861","article-title":"The delay\/Doppler radar altimeter","volume":"36","author":"Raney","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"2862","article-title":"Monitoring Black Sea environmental changes from space","volume":"9","author":"Gregoire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5636","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6636","article-title":"Impact of oceanic-scale interactions on the seasonal modulation of ocean dynamics by the atmosphere","volume":"5","author":"Sasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3523","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014844","article-title":"Revised Global Wave Number Spectra from Recent Altimeter Observations","volume":"124","author":"Vergara","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-17-0169.1","article-title":"Seasonality in Transition Scale from Balanced to Unbalanced Motions in the World Ocean","volume":"48","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"20160117","article-title":"Submesoscale currents in the ocean","volume":"472","author":"McWilliams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ubelmann, Global submesoscale diagnosis using alongtrack satellite altimetry","volume":"2022","author":"Vergara","year":"2022","journal-title":"EGUsphere"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1029\/JC080i003p00291","article-title":"Space-time scales of internal waves: A progress report","volume":"80","author":"Garrett","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Rom\u00e1n, A., Pascual, A., Pujol, M.-I., Taburet, G., Marcos, M., and Faug\u00e8re, Y. (2020). Assessment of DUACS Sentinel-3A Altimetry Data in the Coastal Band of the European Seas: Comparison with Tide Gauge Measurements. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12233970"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Codiga, D. (2011). Unified Tidal Analysis and Prediction Using the Utide Matlab Functions, University of Rhode Island. URI\/GSO Technical Report 2011-01."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.32.082503.144359","article-title":"Global Glacial Isostasy and the Surface of the Ice-Age Earth: The Ice-5g (Vm2) Model and Grace","volume":"32","author":"Peltier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1029\/98RG02638","article-title":"Postglacial variations in the level of the sea: Implications for climate dynamics and solid-Earth geophysics","volume":"36","author":"Peltier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Benkiran, M., Remy, E., and Reffray, G. (2017). Impact of the Assimilation of High-Frequency Data in a Regional Model with High Resolution, Pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 OSTST. Available online: https:\/\/ostst.aviso.altimetry.fr\/programs\/abstracts-details.html?tx_ausyclsseminar_pi2%5BobjAbstracte%5D=2264&cHash=2f51a0cad63bed9bfca610178667ffab."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Copernicus Marine In Situ Tac (2020). For Global Ocean-Delayed Mode In-Situ Observations of Surface (Drifters and HFR) and Sub-Surface (Vessel-Mounted ADCPs) Water Velocity. Quality Information Document (QUID), CMEMS-QUID-013-044, Mercator Ocean International."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.5194\/os-15-269-2019","article-title":"Synergy between in situ and altimetry data to observe and study the NorthernCurrent variations (NW Mediterranean Sea), Remote Sensing\/Current Field\/All Depths\/Mediterranean Sea","volume":"15","author":"Carret","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"261","article-title":"Aspects of the surface circulation in the Liguro-Proven\u00e7al basin and Gulf of Lion as observed by satellite-tracked drifters (2007\u20132009)","volume":"53","author":"Poulain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocemod.2011.06.002","article-title":"Assessment of a NEMO-based downscaling experiment for the North-Western Mediterranean region: Impacts on the Northern Current and comparison with ADCP data and altimetry products","volume":"39","author":"Zakardjian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocean Model."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"163","article-title":"On the seasonal and mesoscale variabilities of the Northern Current during the PRIMO-0 experiment in the western Mediterranean-sea","volume":"18","author":"Alberola","year":"1995","journal-title":"Oceanol. Acta"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2008.03.004","article-title":"Barotropic eastward currents in the western Gulf of Lion, north-western Mediterranean Sea, during stratified conditions","volume":"74","author":"Petrenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La Violette, E. (1994). Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Western Mediterranean Sea, American Geophysical Union.","DOI":"10.1029\/CE046"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-013-0619-z","article-title":"Forget, A case study of the mesoscale dynamics in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea: A combined data-model approach","volume":"63","author":"Guihou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean Dyn."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0265(91)90020-G","article-title":"Mesoscale and seasonal variabilities of the circulation in the western Mediterranean","volume":"15","author":"Millot","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dyn. Atmos. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/0967-0637(95)00031-Z","article-title":"Aspects of the seasonal and mesoscale variabilities of the Northern Current in the western Mediterranean Sea inferred from the PROLIG-2 and PROS-6 experiments","volume":"42","author":"Sammari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Fernendez, D.E., Fu, L.-L., Pollard, B., Abelson, R., and Steunou, N. (2022, December 19). SWOT Project: Mission Performance and Error Budget, Available online: https:\/\/swot.jpl.nasa.gov\/system\/documents\/files\/2178_2178_SWOT_D-79084_v10Y_FINAL_REVA__06082017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"1","article-title":"High-resolution Level-3 altimeter DUACS experimental regional product (Version V02)","volume":"2020","author":"Pujol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"(2022, December 20). North Atlantic and European Seas along Track High Resolution L 3 Sea Level Anomalies. Available online: https:\/\/data.marine.copernicus.eu\/product\/SEALEVEL_ATL_PHY_HR_L3_MY_008_064\/description."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/3\/793\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:20:25Z","timestamp":1760120425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/3\/793"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15030793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15030793","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]}}}