{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:50:08Z","timestamp":1760147408355,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Plan of China","award":["2022YFC3004100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3004100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three ground-based radars in the Pearl River Delta successfully observed Typhoon Higos (2020), which traveled over the offshore area in the South China Sea. During the observation period, the stratiform region of the outer rainband of HIGOS became active while swirling inward, merging into an unclosed eyewall and spreading outward, but its structure was asymmetric between upwind and downwind. To understand the dynamic mechanism of the asymmetry of the stratiform region in detail, the refined wind speed distributions in the inner core of Higos was retrieved by using the radar observation data and a three-dimensional, variational, direct, data assimilation, Dual-Doppler analysis (DDA). In addition, an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) was conducted with the numerical simulations by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and numerical emulations by Cloud Resolving Model Radar SIMulator (CR-SIM) software to validate the retrieved data. From the OSSE, the emulated retrieved data were comparable with the WRF-out data. The analysis shows that the dynamic mechanisms are different between upwind and downwind in the stratiform rainband. In the former, the inflow sinks in the middle troposphere. In addition, there is an inflow in the lower troposphere, with an outflow aloft the inflow. In the latter, however, the stratiform rainband is primarily influenced by outflow from inside the rainband and inflow from outside the monsoon-related southwesterly winds. The vertical velocity characteristics in the stratiform rainband downwind also differ from those upwind. The upwind updraft was distinct in the middle troposphere, whereas the downwind updraft was caused by the convergence of the outflow from inside the stratiform rainband and the monsoon-related southwesterly inflow in the lower troposphere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T05:33:53Z","timestamp":1675229633000},"page":"809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dynamic Field Retrieval and Analysis of Structural Evolution in Offshore Core Area of Typhoon Higos Based on Ground-Based Radar Observation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ruiyi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"CMA Meteorological Observation Centre, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qifeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMA Meteorological Observation Centre, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruifeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shuozhou Meteorological Office of Shanxi Province, Shuozhou 036000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shudong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMA Public Meteorological Service Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMA Meteorological Training Centre, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2002)059<1239:VRWIAN>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Vortex Rossby waves in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone. 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