{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T10:20:06Z","timestamp":1776334806926,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FonCyT","award":["PICT 0605, 2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 0605, 2022"]}]},{"name":"FonCyT","award":["PE-E9-I177-001, 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE-E9-I177-001, 2019"]}]},{"name":"INTA","award":["PICT 0605, 2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 0605, 2022"]}]},{"name":"INTA","award":["PE-E9-I177-001, 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE-E9-I177-001, 2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Corn (Zea mays L.) nitrogen (N) management requires monitoring plant N concentration (Nc) with remote sensing tools to improve N use, increasing both profitability and sustainability. This work aims to predict the corn Nc during the growing cycle from Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 (C-SAR) sensor data fusion. Eleven experiments using five fertilizer N rates (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg N ha\u22121) were conducted in the Pampas region of Argentina. Plant samples were collected at four stages of vegetative and reproductive periods. Vegetation indices were calculated with new combinations of spectral bands, C-SAR backscatters, and sensor data fusion derived from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2. Predictive models of Nc with the best fit (R2 = 0.91) were calibrated with spectral band combinations and sensor data fusion in six experiments. During validation of the models in five experiments, sensor data fusion predicted corn Nc with lower error (MAPE: 14%, RMSE: 0.31 %Nc) than spectral band combination (MAPE: 20%, RMSE: 0.44 %Nc). The red-edge (704, 740, 740 nm), short-wave infrared (1375 nm) bands, and VV backscatter were all necessary to monitor corn Nc. Thus, satellite remote sensing via sensor data fusion is a critical data source for predicting changes in plant N status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T05:33:53Z","timestamp":1675229633000},"page":"824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Monitoring Corn Nitrogen Concentration from Radar (C-SAR), Optical, and Sensor Satellite Data Fusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4195-4172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Lapaz Olveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Route 226 km 73.5, Balcarce B 7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}]},{"given":"Hern\u00e1n","family":"Sa\u00ednz Rozas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria, Route 226 km 73.5, Balcarce B 7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8163-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Castro-Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Agriculture Research Group, FCAyRN, Universidad de los Llanos, V\u00eda Puerto L\u00f3pez km 12, Villavicencio 500003, Meta, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4239-4354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Carciochi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Route 226 km 73.5, Balcarce B 7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7172-0799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana","family":"Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Balzarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Estad\u00edstica y Biometr\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Ing. Agr. F\u00e9lix Marrone 746 C.C. 509, Cordoba 5000, Argentina"},{"name":"Unidad de Fitopatolog\u00eda Y Modelizaci\u00f3n Agr\u00edcola, Road 60 Cuadras km 5.5, Cordoba X5020ICA, Argentina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9619-5129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Ciampitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4313-5226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nahuel","family":"Reussi Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Route 226 km 73.5, Balcarce B 7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5412","DOI":"10.1002\/agj2.20791","article-title":"Cover Crop Species Can Increase or Decrease the Fertilizer-nitrogen Requirement in Maize","volume":"113","author":"Carciochi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agron. 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