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The exponential correlation function and the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP) spectrum, combined with an experiment-verified shoaling coefficient, are applied to model the land surfaces and the time-varying sea surfaces separately. The second-order small slope approximation (SSA-II) with tapered wave incidence is utilized for evaluating the electromagnetic scattering characteristics and Doppler characteristics of the generated composite rough surface. The influence of land\u2013sea interface factors on radar cross-section (RCS) and Doppler shift of radar echoes is investigated in detail by comparing the RCS and Doppler spectra of the land\u2013sea junction composite rough surfaces with those of finite-depth sea surfaces. It can be found that the Doppler spectra of the land\u2013sea junction composite rough surface is narrower than that of the finite-depth sea surface under upwind directions and wider than that of the finite-depth sea surface under crosswind directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15030836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T04:55:12Z","timestamp":1675313712000},"page":"836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Electromagnetic Scattering and Doppler Spectrum Simulation of Land\u2013Sea Junction Composite Rough Surface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0603-9729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shui-Rong","family":"Chai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang-Yin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Xiang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Feng","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Wen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Xin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0472-7314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4703","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2722983","article-title":"Rough surface and volume scattering of soil surfaces, ocean surfaces, snow, and vegetation based on numerical maxwell model of 3-D simulations","volume":"10","author":"Tsang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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