{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T05:59:51Z","timestamp":1774677591272,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]],"date-time":"2023-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31870701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31870701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202206760059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206760059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WHGF2018A11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WHGF2018A11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["31870701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31870701"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["202206760059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206760059"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["WHGF2018A11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WHGF2018A11"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Projects of Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Landscape and Forestry, Hubei, China","award":["31870701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31870701"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Projects of Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Landscape and Forestry, Hubei, China","award":["202206760059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206760059"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Projects of Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Landscape and Forestry, Hubei, China","award":["WHGF2018A11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WHGF2018A11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban heat islands are representative problems in urban environments. The impact of spectral indexes on land-surface temperature (LST) under different urban forms, climates, and functions is not fully understood. Local climate zones (LCZs) are used to characterize heterogeneous cities. In this study, we quantified the contribution of three cities to high-temperature zones and surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) across LCZs and seasons, used Welch and Games\u2013Howell tests to analyze the difference in LST, then described the spatial pattern characteristics of LST, and used a geographically weighted regression model to analyze the relationship between spectral indexes and LST. The results showed that compact midrise, compact low-rise (LCZ 3), large low-rise (LCZ 8), heavy industry (LCZ 10), and bare rock or paved (LCZ E) contributed greatly to high-temperature zones and had strong SUHII. There were 92\u201398% significant differences between different LCZs. The spatial aggregation of LST gradually weakened with a decrease in temperature. The modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) in most LCZs of all seasons for Wuhan could reduce LST well, while MNDWI only had cooling effects in winter for Nanjing and Shanghai. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in most LCZs performed a cooling role during summer and transition seasons (spring and autumn), while it showed a warming effect in winter. The cooling effect of NDVI in open building types was stronger than that of compact building types, while the cooling effect of MNDWI was better in compact building types than in open building types. With the increase of normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), all LCZs showed warming effects, and the magnitude of LST increase varied in different cities and seasons. These results contribute further insight into thermal environment in heterogeneous urban areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15040870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T05:29:05Z","timestamp":1675661345000},"page":"870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Seasonal Variations of the Relationship between Spectral Indexes and Land Surface Temperature Based on Local Climate Zones: A Study in Three Yangtze River Megacities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5128-753X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Xiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences\/Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore"}]},{"given":"Yongqi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences\/Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9155-8605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}]},{"given":"Chucai","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences\/Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6222-215X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunbo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Spatial Planning and Human-Environment System Simulation, School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4957-3681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanyong","family":"Dian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences\/Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9764-2373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingjun","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences\/Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}]},{"given":"Zhixiang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences\/Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2022.103798","article-title":"The Role of Blue Green Infrastructure in the Urban Thermal Environment across Seasons and Local Climate Zones in East Africa","volume":"80","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"United Nations (2019). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision, The United Nations\u2019 Department of Economic and Social Affairs\u2014Population Division."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2008.11.010","article-title":"Modeling Spatial Variations of Urban Growth Patterns in Chinese Cities: The Case of Nanjing","volume":"91","author":"Luo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103581","article-title":"Reconceptualizing Urban Heat Island: Beyond the Urban-Rural Dichotomy","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103284","article-title":"Compound Environmental Impact of Urban Mitigation Strategies: Co-Benefits, Trade-Offs, and Unintended Consequence","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(73)90140-6","article-title":"City size and the urban heat island","volume":"7","author":"Oke","year":"1973","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2014.07.022","article-title":"On the Energy Impact of Urban Heat Island and Global Warming on Buildings","volume":"82","author":"Santamouris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123615","article-title":"Exploring the Relationship between Particulate Matter, CO, SO2, NO2, O3 and Urban Heat Island in Seoul, Korea","volume":"403","author":"Ngarambe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-017-0150-3","article-title":"The Urban Heat Island: Implications for Health in a Changing Environment","volume":"4","author":"Heaviside","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13550","article-title":"Responses of Arthropod Populations to Warming Depend on Latitude: Evidence from Urban Heat Islands","volume":"23","author":"Youngsteadt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2015.02.001","article-title":"Local Urban Warming, Possible Impacts and a Resilience Plan to Climate Change for the Historical Center of Athens, Greece","volume":"19","author":"Santamouris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103285","article-title":"Seasonal Variations of the Dominant Factors for Spatial Heterogeneity and Time Inconsistency of Land Surface Temperature in an Urban Agglomeration of Central China","volume":"75","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, D., Xiao, J., Bonafoni, S., Berger, C., Deilami, K., Zhou, Y., Frolking, S., Yao, R., Qiao, Z., and Sobrino, J.A. (2019). Satellite Remote Sensing of Surface Urban Heat Islands: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11010048"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.05.005","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Trends of the Surface and Air Heat Island over Milan Using MODIS Data","volume":"150","author":"Anniballe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"30","article-title":"Urban Heat Island Effect: A Systematic Review of Spatio-Temporal Factors, Data, Methods, and Mitigation Measures","volume":"67","author":"Deilami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.10.062","article-title":"Analysis of Diurnal Surface Temperature Variations for the Assessment of Surface Urban Heat Island Effect over Indian Cities","volume":"159","author":"Mathew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2022.106320","article-title":"Numerical Simulation of the Impact of Urban Canopies and Anthropogenic Emissions on Heat Island Effect in an Industrial Area: A Case Study of Angul-Talcher Region in India","volume":"277","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108810","article-title":"Seasonal Variations for Combined Effects of Landscape Metrics on Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD)","volume":"138","author":"Xiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.06.010","article-title":"Seasonal Contrast of the Dominant Factors for Spatial Distribution of Land Surface Temperature in Urban Areas","volume":"215","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22009","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/121\/2\/022009","article-title":"Remote Sensing Study of the Impact of Vegetation on Thermal Environment in Different Contexts","volume":"121","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"207214","article-title":"Relationship between surface thermal environment and underlying surface index in Yan\u2019an city","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Northwest A&F Univ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-015-0284-3","article-title":"Micro-Scale Urban Surface Temperatures Are Related to Land-Cover Features and Residential Heat Related Health Impacts in Phoenix, AZ USA","volume":"31","author":"Jenerette","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6798","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25296-w","article-title":"Strong Contributions of Local Background Climate to the Cooling Effect of Urban Green Vegetation","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Zhang, J., Shi, X., and Liu, S. (2020). Impacts of Building Features on the Cooling Effect of Vegetation in Community-Based Microclimate: Recognition, Measurement and Simulation from a Case Study of Beijing. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238915"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101932","article-title":"How Can Urban Blue-Green Space Be Planned for Climate Adaption in High-Latitude Cities? A Seasonal Perspective","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerri, G., Crisci, A., Messeri, A., Congedo, L., Munaf\u00f2, M., and Morabito, M. (2021). Thermal Summer Diurnal Hot-Spot Analysis: The Role of Local Urban Features Layers. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13030538"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.11.027","article-title":"How to Cool Hot-Humid (Asian) Cities with Urban Trees? An Optimal Landscape Size Perspective","volume":"265","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4010199","article-title":"Mapping Local Climate Zones for a Worldwide Database of the Form and Function of Cities","volume":"4","author":"Bechtel","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2022.101120","article-title":"The Use of Local Climate Zones in the Urban Environment: A Systematic Review of Data Sources, Methods, and Themes","volume":"42","author":"Aslam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00019.1","article-title":"Local Climate Zones for Urban Temperature Studies","volume":"93","author":"Stewart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyu, T., Buccolieri, R., and Gao, Z. (2019). A Numerical Study on the Correlation between Sky View Factor and Summer Microclimate of Local Climate Zones. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10080438"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102818","article-title":"Understanding Land Surface Temperature Impact Factors Based on Local Climate Zones","volume":"69","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102904","article-title":"Characterizing the Warming Effect of Increasing Temperatures on Land Surface: Temperature Change, Heat Pattern Dynamics and Thermal Sensitivity","volume":"70","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102381","article-title":"Ordinary Least Squares Modelling of Urban Heat Island Intensity Based on Landscape Composition and Configuration: A Comparative Study among Three Megacities along the Yangtze River","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.100","article-title":"Spatial-Temporal Variations of Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity Induced by Different Definitions of Rural Extents in China","volume":"669","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149499","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Patterns and Driving Forces of Remotely Sensed Urban Agglomeration Heat Islands in South China","volume":"800","author":"Geng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637455","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2021.637455","article-title":"LCZ Generator: A Web Application to Create Local Climate Zone Maps","volume":"9","author":"Demuzere","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.11.027","article-title":"Urban Thermal Environment Dynamics and Associated Landscape Pattern Factors: A Case Study in the Beijing Metropolitan Region","volume":"173","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2021.127159","article-title":"Variance of the Impact of Urban Green Space on the Urban Heat Island Effect among Different Urban Functional Zones: A Case Study in Wuhan","volume":"62","author":"Ke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"102648","article-title":"How Do Urban Morphological Blocks Shape Spatial Patterns of Land Surface Temperature over Different Seasons? A Multifactorial Driving Analysis of Beijing, China","volume":"106","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2019.01.005","article-title":"SUHI Analysis Using Local Climate Zones\u2014A Comparison of 50 Cities","volume":"28","author":"Bechtel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102877","article-title":"Analyses of Land Surface Temperature (LST) Variability among Local Climate Zones (LCZs) Comparing Landsat-8 and ENVI-Met Model Data","volume":"69","author":"Cilek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2021.100846","article-title":"LCZ Scheme for Assessing Urban Heat Island Intensity in a Complex Urban Area (Beirut, Lebanon)","volume":"37","author":"Zaarour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102443","article-title":"Impact of Urban Morphology and Landscape Characteristics on Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of Land Surface Temperature","volume":"63","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2019.100505","article-title":"Linking Local-Climate-Zones Mapping to Multi-Resolution-Analysis to Deduce Associative Relations at Intra-Urban Scales through an Example of Metropolitan London","volume":"30","author":"Mouzourides","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2020.100661","article-title":"Urban Land Cover Mapping under the Local Climate Zone Scheme Using Sentinel-2 and PALSAR-2 Data","volume":"33","author":"La","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105985","article-title":"Pasture Availability as a Spatial Indicator of Grassland Root Turnover Time on a Global Scale","volume":"111","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147389","article-title":"Scale Effect and Spatially Explicit Drivers of Interactions between Ecosystem Services\u2014A Case Study from the Loess Plateau","volume":"785","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126630","article-title":"Critical Review on the Cooling Effect of Urban Blue-Green Space: A Threshold-Size Perspective","volume":"49","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1657","article-title":"Spatial difference of the relationship between remote sensing index and land surface temperature under different underlying surfaces","volume":"20","author":"Shuai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2020.100593","article-title":"Examining the Nexus between Land Surface Temperature and Urban Growth in Chattogram Metropolitan Area of Bangladesh Using Long Term Landsat Series Data","volume":"32","author":"Roy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2012.06.013","article-title":"The Interaction of Rivers and Urban Form in Mitigating the Urban Heat Island Effect: A UK Case Study","volume":"58","author":"Hathway","year":"2012","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.04.011","article-title":"Inter-\/Intra-Zonal Seasonal Variability of the Surface Urban Heat Island Based on Local Climate Zones in Three Central European Cities","volume":"156","author":"Lehnert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2021.100823","article-title":"The Suitability of the Urban Local Climate Zone Classification Scheme for Surface Temperature Studies in Distinct Macroclimate Regions","volume":"37","author":"Eldesoky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban Clim."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/4\/870\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:24:10Z","timestamp":1760120650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/4\/870"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15040870"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15040870","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]}}}