{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T15:14:33Z","timestamp":1772032473210,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC3103605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3103605"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["421QN380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["421QN380"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["202102020464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102020464"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021B121205002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B121205002"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["SCSIO202207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCSIO202207"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["OOST2021-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OOST2021-02"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFC3103605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3103605"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["421QN380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["421QN380"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202102020464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102020464"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021B121205002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B121205002"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SCSIO202207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCSIO202207"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["OOST2021-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OOST2021-02"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Project","award":["2022YFC3103605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3103605"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Project","award":["421QN380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["421QN380"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Project","award":["202102020464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102020464"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Project","award":["2021B121205002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B121205002"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Project","award":["SCSIO202207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCSIO202207"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Project","award":["OOST2021-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OOST2021-02"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Projects of Guangdong Province","award":["2022YFC3103605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3103605"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Projects of Guangdong Province","award":["421QN380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["421QN380"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Projects of Guangdong Province","award":["202102020464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102020464"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Projects of Guangdong Province","award":["2021B121205002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B121205002"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Projects of Guangdong Province","award":["SCSIO202207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCSIO202207"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Projects of Guangdong Province","award":["OOST2021-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OOST2021-02"]}]},{"name":"South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2022YFC3103605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3103605"]}]},{"name":"South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["421QN380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["421QN380"]}]},{"name":"South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["202102020464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102020464"]}]},{"name":"South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2021B121205002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B121205002"]}]},{"name":"South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["SCSIO202207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCSIO202207"]}]},{"name":"South China Sea Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["OOST2021-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OOST2021-02"]}]},{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Operational Oceanography","award":["2022YFC3103605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3103605"]}]},{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Operational Oceanography","award":["421QN380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["421QN380"]}]},{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Operational Oceanography","award":["202102020464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102020464"]}]},{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Operational Oceanography","award":["2021B121205002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B121205002"]}]},{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Operational Oceanography","award":["SCSIO202207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCSIO202207"]}]},{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Operational Oceanography","award":["OOST2021-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OOST2021-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The wave spectrometer operated by the China\u2013France Oceanography Satellite (CFOSAT) can provide global ocean wave observation data. Although a lot of work on calibration and verification has been carried out in the open oceans dominated by swells, the quality of the data in the relatively enclosed sea area with complex terrain still lacks sufficient examination. The objective of this study is to assess the performance of the significant wave height data of the CFOSAT in the South China Sea (SCS), a unique sea area characterized by semi-enclosed basin and multi-reef terrain, and to recognize the environmental factors affecting the data quality. Compared against the long-term observations from five mooring or buoy sites, we find that the data is well performed in the relatively open and deep areas of the SCS, with an average correlation coefficient as high as 0.87, and a low average root-mean-square error of 0.47 m. However, the combined effects of complex topography, monsoons, and swell proportion variation will affect the performance of data. In the southern deep areas, the waves may be affected by a large number of dotted reefs, leading to wave deformations and energy dissipation in different seasons. In the northern nearshore areas, waves tend to be sheltered by the land or distorted by the shallow topography effects. These processes make it difficult for the swell to fully develop as in the open oceans. The low proportion of swell is a disadvantage for the CFOSAT to correctly observe the wave data and may lead to possible errors. Our results emphasize the importance of more verification when applying the CFOSAT data in certain local seas, and the necessity to adjust the algorithm of inverting wave spectra according to specific environmental factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15040898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T02:56:08Z","timestamp":1675738568000},"page":"898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of CFOSAT Wave Height Data with In Situ Observations in the South China Sea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Operational Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572025, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9373-1122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junmin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Operational Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572025, China"}]},{"given":"Shilin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Operational Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Operational Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China"}]},{"given":"Wuyang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Operational Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China"}]},{"given":"Junliang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Operational Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tison, C., and Hauser, D. (2023, February 02). SWIM Products Users Guide: Product Description and Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Description. Available online: https:\/\/www.aviso.altimetry.fr\/fileadmin\/documents\/data\/tools\/SWIM_ProductUserGuide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hauser, D., Tourain, C., and Hermozo, L. (2023, February 02). Report on the SWIM cal\/val at the End of the Verification Phase. Available online: https:\/\/www.aviso.altimetry.fr\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/SWIM_CalvalReport_compressed.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.2994372","article-title":"New observations from the SWIM radar on-board CFOSAT: Instrument validation and ocean wave measurement assessment","volume":"59","author":"Hauser","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JC016885","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JC016885","article-title":"Acquisition of the significant wave height from CFOSAT SWIM spectra through a deep neural network and its impact on wave model assimilation","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL091276","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL091276","article-title":"The wide swath significant wave height: An innovative reconstruction of significant wave heights from CFOSAT\u2019s SWIM and scatterometer using deep learning","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2022.113149","article-title":"Accurate mean wave period from SWIM instrument on-board CFOSAT","volume":"280","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., Li, J., Liu, J., Tang, S., Chen, W., Shi, P., and Liu, Y. (2022). Calibration experiments of CFOSAT wavelength in the Southern South China Sea by artificial neural networks. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030773"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5117520","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2022.3199393","article-title":"Statistical comparison of ocean wave directional spectra derived from SWIM\/CFOSAT satellite observations and from buoy observations","volume":"60","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"4204013","article-title":"Validation of wave spectral partitions from SWIM instrument on-board CFOSAT against in situ data","volume":"60","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-16-0191.1","article-title":"A multimodal wave spectrum-based approach for statistical downscaling of local wave climate","volume":"47","author":"Hegermiller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-18-0149.1","article-title":"Wave climate from spectra and its connections with local and remote wind climate","volume":"49","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Wyrtki, K. (1961). Physical Oceanography of the Southeast Asian Waters: Scientific Results of Marine Investigations of the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, NAGA Rep, Scripps Institution of Oceanography."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.119721","article-title":"Wave energy assessment of the Xisha Group Islands zone for the period 2010\u20132019","volume":"220","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-017-1073-4","article-title":"Revisiting the seasonal wave height variability in the South China Sea with merged satellite altimetry observations","volume":"36","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.08.037","article-title":"Can contemporary satellites estimate swell dissipation rate?","volume":"201","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00180.1","article-title":"A Global View on the Swell and Wind Sea Climate by the Jason-1 Mission: A Revisit","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s11802-020-3924-4","article-title":"Climatology of wind-seas and swells in the China Seas from wave hindcast","volume":"19","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ocean Univ. China"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S1463-5003(02)00040-9","article-title":"Treatment of unresolved islands and ice in wind wave models","volume":"5","author":"Tolman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ocean Model."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"161","article-title":"Research progress of spectral wave mode of archipelago or reef ocean region","volume":"36","author":"Mao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021EA002055","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EA002055","article-title":"An appraisal of CFOSAT wave spectrometer products in the South China Sea","volume":"9","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-019-1506-3","article-title":"China-France Oceanography Satellite (CFOSAT) simultaneously observes the typhoon-induced wind and wave fields","volume":"38","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., and Ichikawa, K. (2017). Coastal waveform retracking for Jason-2 altimeter data based on along-track echograms around the Tsushima Islands in Japan. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9070762"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8793","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.2990708","article-title":"First results from the rotating Fan Beam Scatterometer onboard CFOSAT","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JC016689","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JC016689","article-title":"Validation and calibration of nadir SWH products from CFOSAT and HY-2B with satellites and in situ observations","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Hor\u00e1nyi, A., Mu\u00f1oz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., and Rozum, I. (2023, February 02). ERA5 Hourly Data on Single Levels from 1959 to Present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS). Available online: https:\/\/cds.climate.copernicus.eu\/cdsapp#!\/dataset\/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=overview."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1029\/JC093iC03p02285","article-title":"Expected differences between buoy and radar altimeter estimates of wind speed and significant wave height and their implications on buoy-altimeter comparisons","volume":"93","author":"Monaldo","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/01490410490883478","article-title":"Long-term validation of wave height measurements from altimeters","volume":"27","author":"Queffeulou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2015.11.039","article-title":"Satellite-based wave data and wave energy resource assessment for South China Sea","volume":"88","author":"Yaakob","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Energ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, H., Li, J., Li, B., Liu, J., Tang, D., Chen, W., Yang, H., Zhou, F., Zhang, R., and Wang, S. (2021). Evaluation of CFOSAT scatterometer wind data in global oceans. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101926"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., and Zhang, J. (2019). Validation of sentinel-3A\/3B satellite altimetry wave heights with buoy and Jason-3 data. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19132914"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10719","DOI":"10.1029\/JC092iC10p10719","article-title":"Validation of Geosat altimeter-derived wind speeds and significant wave heights using buoy data","volume":"92","author":"Dobson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/014311601750038839","article-title":"Technical note: Impacts of collocation window on the accuracy of altimeter\/buoy wind-speed comparison-a simulation study","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2014.03.014","article-title":"Comparison of gridded multi-mission and along-track mono-mission satellite altimetry wave heights with in situ near-shore buoy data","volume":"83","author":"Shanas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2001)018<0277:AAOOSD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Automated analysis of ocean surface directional wave spectra","volume":"18","author":"Hanson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0083-9","article-title":"33 years of globally calibrated wave height and wind speed data based on altimeter observations","volume":"6","author":"Ribal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-1929-2020","article-title":"The Sea State CCI dataset v1: Towards a sea state climate data record based on satellite observations","volume":"12","author":"Dodet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of coastal altimeter wave height observations using dynamic collocation","volume":"60","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nencioli, F., and Quartly, G. (2019). Evaluation of Sentinel-3A wave height observations near the coast of southwest England. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242998"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2009.2039193","article-title":"Modeling Envisat RA-2 waveforms in the coastal zone: Case study of calm water contamination","volume":"7","author":"Vignudelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote S."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, G., Yang, J., and Wang, J. (2021). Accuracy evaluation of CFOSAT SWIM L2 products based on NDBC buoy and Jason-3 altimeter data. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13050887"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vignudelli, S., Kostianoy, A.G., Cipollini, P., and Benveniste, J. (2011). Coastal Altimetry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12796-0"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1464-1895(00)00004-1","article-title":"The role of satellite altimetry in gravity field modelling in coastal areas","volume":"25","author":"Andersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Part A Solid Earth Geod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/01490410490902089","article-title":"Nonparametric Estimates of the Sea State Bias for the Jason-1 Radar Altimeter","volume":"27","author":"Labroue","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/4\/898\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:25:48Z","timestamp":1760120748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/4\/898"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15040898"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15040898","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]}}}