{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T01:02:01Z","timestamp":1777338121963,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20210193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20210193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20Dz1201200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20Dz1201200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21DZ1204201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21DZ1204201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19DZ1200902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19DZ1200902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22ZR1447100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZR1447100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"cience and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","award":["BK20210193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20210193"]}]},{"name":"cience and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","award":["20Dz1201200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20Dz1201200"]}]},{"name":"cience and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","award":["21DZ1204201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21DZ1204201"]}]},{"name":"cience and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","award":["19DZ1200902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19DZ1200902"]}]},{"name":"cience and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","award":["22ZR1447100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22ZR1447100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, Shanghai has entered a stage of microscale land subsidence, but the uneven subsidence is still significant, with long-term impacts on the operational safety of subways and other infrastructures. On the basis of 154 high-resolution Terra Synthetic Aperture Radar-X (TerraSAR-X) images captured from 2013 to 2020 and the time-series persistent scatterer-interferometric SAR (PS-InSAR) method, the land subsidence along the subways in Shanghai was acquired, and the levelling data of 56 benchmarks were used to validate the measurements derived by PS-InSAR. The results indicated that the two data sets agreed well, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9 and maximum D-value of 4.0 mm derived from six pairs of comparative data sequences. The proportion of PS points showing deformation rates between \u22123.0 mm\/a and 3.0 mm\/a reached 99.4%. These results indicated that the land subsidence trend along the subway was relatively stable overall, while significant deformation was distributed mainly along the suburban subways, especially the lines that were newly open to traffic, such as Line 5 and the Pujiang line (PJ Line); along these lines, the proportions of PS points with deformation rates exceeding \u00b13 mm\/a were 7.2% and 7.6%, respectively, and the proportions were much smaller in the other lines. The maximum cumulative deformation (MCD) along the subways was located between Jiangchuan Road Station and Xidu Station of Line 5 with a value of \u221266.4 mm, while the second and third MCDs were \u221248.2 mm along Line 16 and \u221244.5 mm along PJ Line, respectively. Engineering constructions, such as human-induced ground loads, foundation pit constructions, and road constructions, were the main factors affecting local land subsidence. The analysis results also showed that land subsidence was relatively significant during the period before the subways were open to traffic due to subway construction, while land subsidence clearly slowed after the subway lines were open to traffic. This deceleration in land subsidence was closely related to the rise in the groundwater level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15040908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T02:56:08Z","timestamp":1675738568000},"page":"908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Monitoring Land Subsidence along the Subways in Shanghai on the Basis of Time-Series InSAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jinhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Geological Survey, Shanghai 200072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0212-4069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changqing","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1762-3426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinxin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Geological Survey, Shanghai 200072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"146","article-title":"Land Subsidence: A Global Challenge","volume":"778","author":"Bagheri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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