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The forward-scattering effect in the water column is one of the main error sources in airborne lidar bathymetry (ALB). However, the magnitude of the bathymetric bias for spaceborne lidars and how can we effectively correct this bias have not been evaluated and are very worthy of investigation. In this study, the forward-scattering effect on spaceborne photon-counting lidar bathymetry is quantitatively modeled and analyzed based on the semi-analytic Monte Carlo simulation method. Meanwhile, an empirical formula for correcting forward-scattering-induced bathymetric bias specific to ICESat-2 is derived. When the water depth exceeds 20 m, this bias cannot be neglected for ICESat-2 even in clear open ocean waters. In two study areas with local in situ measurements (St. Thomas and Hawaii), the bathymetric bias of ICESat-2 in deep waters (&gt;20 m) is corrected from exceeding 50 cm to less than 13 cm using the proposed empirical formula. This study is valuable to evaluate and correct the forward-scattering-induced bias for the existing ICESat-2 and is also fundamental to optimizing the hardware parameters of a possible future photon-counting bathymetric lidar.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15040931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T05:37:31Z","timestamp":1675834651000},"page":"931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Analysis and Correction of Water Forward-Scattering-Induced Bathymetric Bias for Spaceborne Photon-Counting Lidar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9691-5595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1241-8650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiying","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanfei","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133309105657","article-title":"Bathymetric mapping by means of remote sensing: Methods, accuracy and limitations","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. 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