{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:42:06Z","timestamp":1774917726196,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kazimierz Wielki University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>River deltaic estuaries are dynamic ecosystems characterised by linkages between tidal currents, river water discharge, and sediment from the basin. The present study is based on the application of remote data: multispectral satellite images, DEM, LULC (Land use and land cover), lithology, and hydroclimatic factors. The standardised methodology was based on the adoption of a coupled modelling approach for this work, involving the semi-distributed catchment scale hydrological Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and the statistical Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) for (1) identifying environmental drivers of sediment transport changes of the estuarine reach; (2) analysis of retrospective changes in shoreline configuration; (3) assessing discharge and sediment dynamics of the estuarine section, and (4) generating future projection scenarios for the estuary\u2019s state to take action for its long-term ecological stability. Our study employs a coupled modelling framework to fill the research gap for Subarnarekha deltaic estuary. Integrating outputs derived from DSAS and SWAT, a comprehensive understanding of the changes in watershed hydrology, water diversions, and damming of rivers have altered the magnitude and temporal patterns of freshwater flow and sediment, which potentially contributed to the receding of the Digha Coast shoreline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15040958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T05:51:06Z","timestamp":1676008266000},"page":"958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Coupling of SWAT and DSAS Models for Assessment of Retrospective and Prospective Transformations of River Deltaic Estuaries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5410-0408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rituparna","family":"Acharyya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, School of Earth Science, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi 585367, Karnataka, India"}]},{"given":"Anirban","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disaster Preparedness, Mitigation and Management (DPMM), Asian Institute of Technology, Chang Wat Pathum, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4661-6498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Habel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2010.538396","article-title":"Effects of temperature change on water discharge, and sediment and nutrient loading in the lower Pearl River basin based on SWAT modelling","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianchi, T.S. (2007). Biogeochemistry of Estuaries, Oxford University Press on Demand.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195160826.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002","article-title":"Changes in the global value of ecosystem services","volume":"26","author":"Costanza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76158-3","article-title":"Dam and reservoir removal projects: A mix of social-ecological trends and cost-cutting attitudes","volume":"10","author":"Habel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8181(03)00020-1","article-title":"Recent trends in the suspended sediment loads of the world\u2019s rivers","volume":"39","author":"Walling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Planet Chang."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2014.01.011","article-title":"Global suspended sediment and water discharge dynamics between 1960 and 2010: Continental trends and intra-basin sensitivity","volume":"115","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Planet Chang."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalov, S., Prokopeva, K., and Habel, M. (2021). North to South Variations in the Suspended Sediment Transport Budget within Large Siberian River Deltas Revealed by Remote Sensing Data. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224549"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1944","article-title":"Coastal habitats shield people and property from sea-level rise and storms","volume":"3","author":"Arkema","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"71","article-title":"Impacts of climate change on coastal erosion","volume":"2013","author":"Masselink","year":"2013","journal-title":"MCCIP Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3111","article-title":"Earth\u2019s surface water change over the past 30 years","volume":"6","author":"Donchyts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2017.09.007","article-title":"Integrated coastal vulnerability assessment: A methodology for coastal cities management integrating socioeconomic, physical and environmental dimensions-Case study of Regi\u00e3o dos Lagos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"149","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocean Coast Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2018.03.039","article-title":"Assessing coastal vulnerability: Development of a combined physical and economic index","volume":"158","author":"Kantamaneni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean Coast Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1029\/00EO00034","article-title":"Sea level rise shown to drive coastal erosion","volume":"81","author":"Leatherman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CLIM.0000024690.32682.48","article-title":"Global warming and coastal erosion","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nath, A., Koley, B., Saraswati, S., Choudhury, T., Um, J.S., and Ray, B.C. (2022). Geospatial analysis of short term shoreline change behavior between Subarnarekha and Rasulpur estuary, east coast of India using intelligent techniques (DSAS). GeoJournal, 1\u201321.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-022-10683-8"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ghosh, T., Hajra, R., and Mukhopadhyay, A. (2014). Climate Change Management, Springer."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146470","article-title":"Sea level rise impacts on estuarine dynamics: A review","volume":"780","author":"Khojasteh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2008.07.001","article-title":"Mechanisms of land\u2013sea interactions\u2013the distribution of metals and sedimentary organic matter in sediments of a river-dominated Mediterranean karstic estuary","volume":"80","author":"Sondi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast Shelf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Alongi, D.M. (1998). Coastal Ecosystems Processes, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of satellite data in coastal mapping","volume":"22","author":"Nayak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian Cartogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0964-5691(93)90021-P","article-title":"Essential elements of integrated coastal zone management","volume":"21","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ocean Coast Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05961.x","article-title":"Large Area Hydrologic Modeling And Assessment Part I: Model Development","volume":"34","author":"Arnold","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.5611","article-title":"SWAT 2000: Current capabilities and research opportunities in applied watershed modelling","volume":"19","author":"Arnold","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"165","article-title":"Hydrological Simulation of Mahanadi River Basin and Impact of Land Use\/Land Cover Change on Surface Runoff Using a Macro Scale Hydrological Model","volume":"XXXVIII","author":"Dadhwal","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPRS TC VII Symp. \u2013100 Years ISPRS Vienna Austria"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1491","article-title":"v SWAT: Model Use, Calibration, and Validation","volume":"55","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Agric. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2018.10.004","article-title":"Analysis of Rainfall Extremes and Water Yield of Krishna River Basin Under Future Climate Scenarios","volume":"19","author":"Chanapathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10197","article-title":"Development of a grid-based version of the SWAT landscape model","volume":"29","author":"Rathjens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wsj.2017.12.004","article-title":"Modeling of Discharge and sediment transport through the SWAT Model in the basin of Harraza (Northwest of Algeria)","volume":"32","author":"Hallouz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-021-01231-3","article-title":"Evaluation of catchment hydrology and soil loss in non-perennial river system: A case study of Subarnarekha Basin, India","volume":"8","author":"Acharyya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Model Earth Syst. Env."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.13141\/jve.vol6.no2.pp165-170","article-title":"Basin resources management: Simulating soil erosion risk by soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) in Ta Trach river watershed, central Vietnam","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vietnam. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-15-00088.1","article-title":"Forecasting the Potential Effects of Climatic and Land-Use Changes on Shoreline Variation in Relation to Watershed Sediment Supply and Transport","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Coast Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3390\/cli9030050","article-title":"Impact of seasonal variation in climate on water quality of old woman creek watershed ohio using swat","volume":"9","author":"Olaoye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Climate"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3390\/w10040381","article-title":"Uncertainty in a Lumped and a Semi-Distributed Model for Discharge Prediction in Ghatshila Catchment","volume":"10","author":"Yaduvanshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"207","article-title":"Assessment of hydrological response in Subarnarekha river basin under anticipated climate change scenarios","volume":"22","author":"Bardhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Nest J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1080\/09715010.2019.1619489","article-title":"Evaluation of loss models and effect of LULC changes on surface runoff in Subarnarekha River Basin in India","volume":"27","author":"Dandapat","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISH J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-9805-0_13","article-title":"Murmu, R.S. Murmu Simulation of Runoff for Subarnarekha Catchment Using SWAT Model","volume":"Volume 115","author":"Bhuiyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Security and Sustainability: Proceedings of Down To Earth 2019"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Shoreline Geometry: DSAS as a Tool for Historical Trend Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Oyedotun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomorphol. Tech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-5311-4","article-title":"Shoreline change rate and erosion risk assessment along the Trou Aux Biches\u2013Mont Choisy beach on the northwest coast of Mauritius using GIS-DSAS technique","volume":"75","author":"Bheeroo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/1064119X.2018.1448912","article-title":"Shoreline change detection using DSAS technique: Case of North Sinai coast, Egypt","volume":"37","author":"Nassar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Georesources Geotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-020-00986-5","article-title":"Identification of the coastal hazard zone between the areas of Rasulpur and Subarnarekha estuary, east coast of India using multi-criteria evaluation method","volume":"7","author":"Nath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Model Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thieler, E.R., Himmelstoss, E.A., Zichichi, J.L., and Ergul, A. (2009). The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) Version 4.0-an ArcGIS Extension for Calculating Shoreline Change, US Geological Survey.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20081278"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Himmelstoss, E.A., Henderson, R.E., Kratzmann, M.G., and Farris, A.S. (2018). Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) Version 5.0 User Guide, US Geological Survey.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20181179"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110106113","article-title":"Derivation of a tasselled cap transformation based on Landsat 7 at-satellite reflectance","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2008.10.006","article-title":"Shoreline change analysis and its application to prediction: A remote sensing and statistics based approach","volume":"257","author":"Maiti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.5721\/EuJRS20124519","article-title":"Automatic shoreline detection and future prediction: A case study on Puri Coast, Bay of Bengal, India","volume":"45","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s40899-019-00326-1","article-title":"Four decades of water and sediment discharge records in Subarnarekha and Burhabalang basins: An approach towards trend analysis and abrupt change detection","volume":"5","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Negi, S.S. (1993). Biodiversity and Its Conservation in India, Indus Publishing."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Paul, A.K. (2002). Coastal Geomorphology and Environment: Sundarban Coastal Plain, Kanthi Coastal Plain, Subarnarekha Delta Plain, ACB Publications."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of morphogenetic sedimentary depositional environments of different morphological surfaces of middle-lower and deltaic courses of Subarnarekha River","volume":"6","author":"Jana","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Coast. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2022, May 07). National Oceanography Centre Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level, Tide Gauge Data. Available online: https:\/\/www.psmsl.org\/."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Nandy, S., and Bandyopadhyay, S. (2011). Trend of Sea Level Change in the Hugli Estuary, India, NISCAIR-CSIR."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"64","article-title":"Trend of Sea-level-rise in West Bengal Coast","volume":"36","author":"Samui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Coast. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-020-00846-2","article-title":"Application of SWAT model and SWAT-CUP software in simulation and analysis of sediment uncertainty in arid and semi-arid watersheds (case study: The Zoshk\u2013Abardeh watershed)","volume":"6","author":"Hosseini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Model Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.3360090313","article-title":"Delineating hydrological response units by geographical information system analyses for regional hydrological modelling using PRMS\/MMS in the drainage basin of the River Br\u00f6l, Germany","volume":"9","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13102014","article-title":"Analysing the impact of climate change on hydrological ecosystem services in Laguna del Sauce (Uruguay) using the SWAT model and remote sensing data","volume":"13","author":"Aznarez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Neitsch, S.L., Arnold, J.G., Kiniry, J.R., and Williams, J.R. (2011). Soil & Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Documentation Version 2009, Texas Water Resources Institute. Technical Report no. 406."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Williams, J.R. (1975). Predicting Sediment Yield Frequency for Rural Basins to Determine Man\u2019s Effect on Long-Term Sedimentation, IAHS Publication."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Abbaspour, K.C. (2015). SWAT CUP: SWAT Calibration and Uncertainity Program\u2014A User Manual, Eawag."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(70)90255-6","article-title":"v River Flow Forecasting through Conceptual Models part I\u2014A discussion of principles","volume":"10","author":"Nash","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.10.006","article-title":"SCS-CN-based modeling of sediment yield","volume":"324","author":"Mishra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119807216.ch16","article-title":"Threats from Sea Level Rise and Erosion","volume":"16","author":"Pramanick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban Ecol. Glob. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00059-7","article-title":"Waterline extraction from Landsat TM data in a tidal flat: A case study in Gomso Bay, Korea","volume":"83","author":"Ryu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11852-015-0418-4","article-title":"Shoreline shifting and its prediction using remote sensing and GIS techniques: A case study of Sagar Island, West Bengal (India)","volume":"20","author":"Nandi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Coast Conserv."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Turnipseed, D.P., and Sauer, V.B. (2010). Techniques of Water-Resources Investigation, U.S. Geological Survey."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-020-02760-7","article-title":"Using 137Cs and 210Pbex to trace soil erosion rates for a small catchment in the mid-hills of Nepal","volume":"21","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2022, November 15). Worlddata.info Cyclones in India. Available online: https:\/\/www.worlddata.info\/asia\/india\/cyclones.php."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"13","article-title":"The role of soils and land use in the greenhouse effect","volume":"37","author":"Bouwman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neth. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"147","article-title":"A new method for predicting shoreline positions from historical data","volume":"9","author":"Fenster","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Coast Res."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"16","article-title":"Genetical Classification of Deltaic and Non Deltaic Sequences of Landforms of Subarnarekha Middle Course and Lower Course Sections in Odisha and Parts of West Bengal with Application of Geospatial Technology","volume":"5","author":"Jana","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Coast. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1130\/B25899.1","article-title":"The impact of humans on continental erosion and sedimentation","volume":"119","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"GSA Bulletin."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo629","article-title":"Sinking deltas due to human activities","volume":"2","author":"Syvitski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2010.10.012","article-title":"Recent trends in sediment load of the tropical (Peninsular) river basins of India","volume":"75","author":"Panda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Planet Chang."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1130\/B31427.1","article-title":"Controls on gravel termination in seven distributary channels of the Selenga River Delta, Baikal Rift basin, Russia","volume":"128","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"48","article-title":"Laterites and lateritoids of Rarh Bengal. Explorations in the Tropics","volume":"6","author":"Biswas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Prof. KD Dikshit Felicitation Vol. Comm."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Niyogi, D. (1972). Program of the Seminar on Geomorphology, Geohydrology and Geotechnics of the Lower Ganga Basin, Indian Institute of Technology. Available online: https:\/\/www.automationjournal.org\/download\/indian-geomorphology\/."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Niyogi, D., and Mallick, S. (1972). Proc. Seminar Geomorphology, Geohydrology and Geotectonic of the Lower Ganga Basin, Indian Institute of Technology. Available online: https:\/\/www.automationjournal.org\/download\/indian-geomorphology\/."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"91","article-title":"A comparative study of the Quaternary formations in the Baitarani valley, Orissa with those of the Damodar-Ajoy delta area, Lower Ganga Basin","volume":"Volume 86","author":"Mallick","year":"1972","journal-title":"Proc. Seminar Geomorphology, Geohydrology and Geotectonic of the Lower Ganga Basin"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, D. (2018). The Indian Rivers: Scientific and Socio-Economic Aspects, Springer Singapore.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-2984-4"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1","article-title":"The influences of natural environment upon the evolution of sands dunes in tropical environment along Medinipur Coastalarea, India","volume":"37","author":"Dey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indones. J. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Jarvis, A., Reuter, H., Nelson, A., and Guevara, E. (2020, January 02). SRTM 90m DEM Digital Elevation Database. Available online: http:\/\/srtm.csi.cgiar.org."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"FAO-UN-Land and Water Division (CBL) (2019, December 05). Digital Soil Map of the World. Available online: www.fao.org."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Dodge, Y. (2008). The Concise Encyclopedia of Statistics, Springer New York."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"(2023, February 06). AgriMetSoft Online Calculators. Available online: https:\/\/agrimetsoft.com\/."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-013-0371-7","article-title":"Assessment of Future Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources of Upper Sind River Basin, India Using SWAT Model","volume":"27","author":"Narsimlu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/4\/958\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:28:46Z","timestamp":1760120926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/4\/958"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15040958"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15040958","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]}}}