{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T17:36:13Z","timestamp":1772386573156,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Coupling Process and Effect of Natural Resources Elements","award":["2022KFKTC005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KFKTC005"]}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Coupling Process and Effect of Natural Resources Elements","award":["32271710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32271710"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022KFKTC005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KFKTC005"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32271710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32271710"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to climate change and human activities, the eco-environment quality (EEQ) of eco-fragile regions has undergone massive change, especially in the Tibet Plateau. The Qilian Mountains (QLM) region is an essential ecological function zone in the northeastern Tibet Plateau, which plays a vital role in northwestern China\u2019s eco-environmental balance. However, EEQ changes in the QLM during the 21st century remain poorly understood. In this study, the spatiotemporal variations of the EEQ in the QLM were analyzed from 2000 to 2020 using a remote sensing ecological index (RSEI). The EEQ driving factors are identified by the geographic detector, and the spatial influence of critical factors is represented by a geographically weighted regression model. The results show low EEQ in the QLM. From 2000 to 2020, the EEQ initially slightly improved, then deteriorated, and finally gradually recovered. Spatially, the EEQ shows an increasing trend from northwest to southeast. Moran\u2019s I of EEQ remains at around 0.95, representing high spatial aggregation. \u201cHigh\u2013High\u201d and \u201cLow\u2013Low\u201d clustering features dominate in the local spatial autocorrelation, indicating the EEQ of the QLM is polarized. Precipitation is the dominant positive factor in the EEQ, with a q statistics exceeding 0.644. Furthermore, the key factors (precipitation, distance to towns, distance to roads) affecting EEQ in different periods vary significantly in space. From results we can draw the conclusion that the natural factors mainly control the spatial patterns of EEQ, while the human factors mainly impact the temporal trend of EEQ, the EEQ in the QLM has been significantly improved since 2015. Our findings can provide theoretical support for future eco-environmental protection and restoration in the QLM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15040960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T05:51:06Z","timestamp":1676008266000},"page":"960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Remote Sensing-Based Approach for the Assessing of Ecological Environmental Quality Variations Using Google Earth Engine: A Case Study in the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6389-8792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Youyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Yapeng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Guozhu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Guiquan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Desert Control Research Institute, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Chuanyan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaohuang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Coupling Process and Effect of Natural Resources Elements, Beijing 100055, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106997","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of driving factors affecting human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) in the Qilian Mountains, China","volume":"121","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111333","article-title":"Reversing conflict between humans and the environment-The experience in the Qilian Mountains","volume":"148","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2015.09.021","article-title":"Alpine grassland degradation in the Qilian Mountains, China-A case study in Damaying Grassland","volume":"137","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107119","article-title":"Relationship between ecological quality and ecosystem services in a red soil hilly watershed in southern China","volume":"121","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51295","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2911627","article-title":"Eco-Environmental Quality Assessment in China\u2019s 35 Major Cities Based on Remote Sensing Ecological Index","volume":"7","author":"Yue","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2014.12.006","article-title":"Remote sensing change detection for ecological monitoring in United States protected areas","volume":"182","author":"Willis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2021.105500","article-title":"Quantitative spatial analysis of vegetation dynamics and potential driving factors in a typical alpine region on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau using the Google Earth Engine","volume":"206","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H.Q., Wang, Y.F., Guan, H.D., Shi, T.T., and Hu, X.S. (2019). Detecting Ecological Changes with a Remote Sensing Based Ecological Index (RSEI) Produced Time Series and Change Vector Analysis. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202345"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107518","article-title":"Assessment of spatial? Temporal changes of ecological environment quality based on RSEI and GEE: A case study in Erhai Lake Basin, Yunnan province, China","volume":"125","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.05.055","article-title":"Prediction of ecological effects of potential population and impervious surface increases using a remote sensing based ecological index (RSEI)","volume":"93","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, W.H., and Jiang, W.G. (2020). Evaluation of the Spatiotemporal Variations in the Eco-environmental Quality in China Based on the Remote Sensing Ecological Index. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12152462"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105874","article-title":"Assessment of spatial and temporal variation of ecological environment quality in Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, China","volume":"110","author":"Jing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-08824-y","article-title":"Spatial differentiation of the NPP and NDVI and its influencing factors vary with grassland type on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"193","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"889","article-title":"A remote sensing index for assessment of regional ecological changes","volume":"33","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"China Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.02.006","article-title":"A new remote sensing index for assessing the spatial heterogeneity in urban ecological quality: A case from Fuzhou City, China","volume":"89","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106847","article-title":"Exploration of eco-environment and urbanization changes in coastal zones: A case study in China over the past 20 years","volume":"119","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi, X., Chang, B.R., Hou, F., Yang, Z.H., Fu, Q., and Li, B. (2021). Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Variation and Driving Mechanism of Ecological Environment Quality in the Arid Regions of Central Asia, Xinjiang. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18137111"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.104569","article-title":"Monitoring the effects of land consolidation on the ecological environmental quality based on remote sensing: A case study of Chaohu Lake Basin, China","volume":"95","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126995","article-title":"Spatiotemporal change detection of ecological quality and the associated affecting factors in Dongting Lake Basin, based on RSEI","volume":"302","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"100530","article-title":"Eco-environmental quality assessment based on pressure-state-response framework by remote sensing and GIS","volume":"23","author":"Boori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-08534-5","article-title":"An approach for assessing ecosystem-based adaptation in coral reefs at relatively high latitudes to climate change and human pressure","volume":"192","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2015.1072400","article-title":"Analysis of urban growth and estimating population density using satellite images of nighttime lights and land-use and population data","volume":"52","author":"Bagan","year":"2015","journal-title":"GISci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810802443457","article-title":"Geographical Detectors-Based Health Risk Assessment and its Application in the Neural Tube Defects Study of the Heshun Region, China","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107116","article-title":"Exploring the complex relationships and drivers of ecosystem services across different geomorphological types in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China (2000\u20132018)","volume":"121","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2020.104763","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variations in soil organic carbon and their drivers in southeastern China during 1981\u20132011","volume":"205","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120454","article-title":"What factors affect the synergy and tradeoff between ecosystem services, and how, from a geospatial perspective?","volume":"257","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3587","article-title":"Elevational differences in the net primary productivity response to climate constraints in a dryland mountain ecosystem of northwestern China","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, L.Y., Che, T., Wang, X.F., and Wang, H.B. (2019). Detecting Spatiotemporal Changes in Vegetation with the BFAST Model in the Qilian Mountain Region during 2000\u20132017. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020103"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.2020.1801401","article-title":"Impacts of Topography on the Land Cover Classification in the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143532","article-title":"The role of climate change and vegetation greening on the variation of terrestrial evapotranspiration in northwest China\u2019s Qilian Mountains","volume":"759","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130099","article-title":"Interaction of climate change, potentially toxic elements (PTEs), and topography on plant diversity and ecosystem functions in a high-altitude mountainous region of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"275","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2021.105712","article-title":"Vegetation changes in coal mining areas: Naturally or anthropogenically Driven?","volume":"208","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106857","article-title":"Urban ecological land and natural-anthropogenic environment interactively drive surface urban heat island: An urban agglomeration-level study in China","volume":"157","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152066","article-title":"A GWR downscaling method to reconstruct high-resolution precipitation dataset based on GSMaP-Gauge data: A case study in the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China","volume":"810","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-889-2021","article-title":"An extended time series (2000-2018) of global NPP-VIIRS-like nighttime light data from a cross-sensor calibration","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112138","article-title":"Spatiotemporal ecological vulnerability analysis with statistical correlation based on satellite remote sensing in Samara, Russia","volume":"285","author":"Boori","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.05.009","article-title":"Comparison of Tasseled Cap-based Landsat data structures for use in forest disturbance detection","volume":"97","author":"Healey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4269","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802039957","article-title":"A new index for delineating built-up land features in satellite imagery","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.02.003","article-title":"Generating daily land surface temperature at Landsat resolution by fusing Landsat and MODIS data","volume":"145","author":"Weng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-017-7215-3","article-title":"Municipal solid waste landfill siting by using GIS and analytical hierarchy process (AHP): A case study in Qom city, Iran","volume":"77","author":"Khodaparast","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2012.08.004","article-title":"Using Principal Component Analysis for information-rich socio-ecological vulnerability mapping in Southern Africa","volume":"35","author":"Abson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108000","article-title":"Spatiotemporal evaluation of alpine pastoral ecosystem health by using the Basic-Pressure-State-Response Framework: A case study of the Gannan region, northwest China","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14045","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50499-0","article-title":"Aquatic ecosystem health assessment of a typical sub-basin of the Liao River based on entropy weights and a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106331","article-title":"Coupling coordination analysis of urbanization and eco-environment in Yanqi Basin based on multi-source remote sensing data","volume":"114","author":"Ariken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106373","article-title":"Rapid urbanization and policy variation greatly drive ecological quality evolution in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area of China: A remote sensing perspective","volume":"115","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3103\/S1068373917060073","article-title":"Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis of Extreme Precipitation in Iran","volume":"42","author":"Darand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Russ. Meteorol. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/37.1-2.17","article-title":"Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena","volume":"37","author":"Moran","year":"1950","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6257","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70506257","article-title":"Remote Sensing Based Spatial Statistics to Document Tropical Rainforest Transition Pathways","volume":"7","author":"Ghulam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0016-7363.2005.00671.x","article-title":"GeoDa: An introduction to spatial data analysis","volume":"38","author":"Anselin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107454","article-title":"Spatial-temporal pattern analysis of landscape ecological risk assessment based on land use\/land cover change in Baishuijiang National nature reserve in Gansu Province, China","volume":"124","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2020.1760434","article-title":"An optimal parameters-based geographical detector model enhances geographic characteristics of explanatory variables for spatial heterogeneity analysis: Cases with different types of spatial data","volume":"57","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"GISci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1996.tb00936.x","article-title":"Geographically Weighted Regression: A Method for Exploring Spatial Nonstationarity","volume":"28","author":"Brunsdon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, W.J., and Gao, J.B. (2020). Spatially Variable Relationships between Karst Landscape Pattern and Vegetation Activities. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12071134"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2013.865739","article-title":"Geographically weighted regression with a non- Euclidean distance metric: A case study using hedonic house price data","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148430","article-title":"Spatial patterns and influencing factors of sewage treatment plants in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area, China","volume":"792","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.09.016","article-title":"Spatial variations in the relationships between road network and landscape ecological risks in the highest forest coverage region of China","volume":"96","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127995","article-title":"Identifying the impacts of natural and human factors on ecosystem service in the Yangtze and Yellow River Basins","volume":"314","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2021.e01698","article-title":"Vegetation responses to climate change in the Qilian Mountain Nature Reserve, Northwest China","volume":"28","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2021.105694","article-title":"Three-dimensional dynamic characteristics of vegetation and its response to climatic factors in the Qilian Mountains","volume":"208","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.107628","article-title":"Spatiotemporal differentiation of the terrestrial gross primary production response to climate constraints in a dryland mountain ecosystem of northwestern China","volume":"276","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106545","article-title":"Applying Geodetector to disentangle the contributions of natural and anthropogenic factors to NDVI variations in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin","volume":"117","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136691","article-title":"The impacts of climate changes and human activities on net primary productivity vary across an ecotone zone in Northwest China","volume":"714","author":"Teng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2021.119594","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the impact of climatic factors on phenological changes in the Qilian Mountains, China","volume":"499","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107955","article-title":"A novel remote sensing ecological vulnerability index on large scale: A case study of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor region","volume":"129","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118126","article-title":"Ecological environment quality assessment based on remote sensing data for land consolidation","volume":"239","author":"Shan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/4\/960\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:29:27Z","timestamp":1760120967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/4\/960"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15040960"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15040960","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]}}}