{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:52:25Z","timestamp":1760147545165,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Cooperation Team on Key Processes and Impacts of the Arctic Cryosphere","award":["BNU 2022-GJTD-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BNU 2022-GJTD-01"]}]},{"name":"Early-Career Fellowship","award":["BNU 2022-GJTD-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BNU 2022-GJTD-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid loss of Arctic Sea ice cover and thickness diminishes the surface albedo, which increases the ocean\u2019s absorption of solar heat and exacerbates the Arctic amplification effect. According to the most recent research from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the Sixth Assessment Report (IPCC, AR6), the extent of summer sea ice is anticipated to decrease below 1 million km2 by the 2050s as a result of the extreme climate. Nevertheless, past and future changes in sea ice albedo radiative forcing and the resulting economic cost remain to be explored in systematic and multi-disciplinary manners. In this study, we first analyze the evolution of Arctic sea ice radiative forcing (SIRF) from 1982 to 2100 using a radiative kernel method based on albedo data from the Polar Pathfinder-Extent (APP-x) and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5). Then, the SIRF is converted to CO2 equivalent emissions via the Dynamic Integrated Model of Climate and Economy (DICE) model. Finally, the associated costs are calculated using the substitute cost method, based on the social cost of carbon to achieve the Paris Agreement targets. The results show that the average Arctic SIRF was \u22120.75 \u00b1 0.1 W\u00b7m\u22122 between 1982 and 2020, and increased by 0.12\u00a0W\u00b7m\u22122 during this period. The SIRF in April\u2013June accounts for nearly 77% of the average annual value, with a maximum absolute value of \u20133.2 W\u00b7m\u22122 in May. Through model transformation, it is shown that the Arctic SIRF rising leads to global warming comparable to the effect of an increase of 34.5 Gt of CO2 in the atmosphere relative to pre-industrialization, and results in a loss of 24.4\u201348.8 trillion USD for climate regulation service (CRS). From 2020 to 2100, in the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5, the Arctic SIRF is projected to increase by 0.31\u00a0W\u00b7m\u22122. Combined with the discount rate, the estimated average annual cost over the period ranges from 6.7\u201313.3 trillion USD. These findings provide a systematic understanding of the radiative effect of Arctic sea ice change on the global climate and the corresponding economic cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15040970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T05:51:06Z","timestamp":1676008266000},"page":"970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Radiative Effects and Costing Assessment of Arctic Sea Ice Albedo Changes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hairui","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1499-2728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Shiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Wenqin","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004","article-title":"Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis","volume":"77","author":"Serreze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Change"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00498-3","article-title":"The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979","volume":"3","author":"Rantanen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07954-9","article-title":"Arctic amplification is caused by sea-ice loss under increasing CO2","volume":"10","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09051","article-title":"The central role of diminishing sea ice in recent Arctic temperature amplification","volume":"464","author":"Screen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00113.1","article-title":"Large decadal decline of the Arctic multiyear ice cover","volume":"25","author":"Comiso","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1017\/aog.2017.32","article-title":"Temporal and regional variability of Arctic sea-ice coverage from satellite data","volume":"59","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aae3ec","article-title":"Arctic sea ice thickness, volume, and multiyear ice coverage: Losses and coupled variability (1958\u20132018)","volume":"13","author":"Kwok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140157","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2014.0157","article-title":"Variability of Arctic sea ice thickness and volume from CryoSat-2","volume":"373","author":"Kwok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C12024","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JC005436","article-title":"Recent changes in Arctic sea ice melt onset, freezeup, and melt season length","volume":"114","author":"Markus","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GL058951","article-title":"Changes in Arctic Melt Season and Implications for Sea Ice Loss","volume":"41","author":"Stroeve","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-16-3235-2022","article-title":"Improving model-satellite comparisons of sea ice melt onset with a satellite simulator","volume":"16","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cryosphere Discuss."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L08501","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL051432","article-title":"Albedo evolution of seasonal Arctic sea ice","volume":"39","author":"Perovich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1963","article-title":"Observed changes in the albedo of the Arctic sea-ice zone for the period 1982\u20132009","volume":"3","author":"Manninen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accre.2015.11.004","article-title":"A preliminary study of cryosphere service function and value evaluation","volume":"6","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Clim. Chang. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, B., Xiao, C., Chen, D., Qin, D., and Ding, Y. (2019). Cryosphere services and human well-being. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11164365"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1360\/N972018-01314","article-title":"Cascading risks to the deterioration in cryospheric functions and services","volume":"64","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kexue Tongbao Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"363","article-title":"Review of Impact of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services\u2014A Review","volume":"5","author":"Gacheno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Agric."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15725","article-title":"Global non-linear effect of temperature on economic production","volume":"527","author":"Burke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/499401a","article-title":"Vast costs of Arctic change\u2014Methane released by melting permafrost will have global impacts","volume":"499","author":"Whiteman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-15-0849.1","article-title":"Time-dependent variations in the Arctic\u2019s surface albedo feedback and the link to seasonality in sea ice","volume":"30","author":"Andry","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-019-0619-1","article-title":"An emergent constraint on future Arctic sea-ice albedo feedback","volume":"9","author":"Thackeray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C09029","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JC008192","article-title":"Snow dunes: A controlling factor of melt pond distribution on Arctic sea ice","volume":"117","author":"Petrich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08467-z","article-title":"Evidence for ice-ocean albedo feedback in the Arctic Ocean shifting to a seasonal ice zone","volume":"7","author":"Kashiwase","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8395","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010232","article-title":"Solar heating of the Arctic Ocean in the context of ice-albedo feedback","volume":"119","author":"Pinker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-12-3373-2018","article-title":"Arctic climate: Changes in sea ice extent outweigh changes in snow cover","volume":"12","author":"Letterly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-009-0535-6","article-title":"Polar amplification in a coupled climate model with locked albedo","volume":"33","author":"Graversen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6379","article-title":"De Summer albedo variations in the Arctic Sea ice region from 1982 to 2015","volume":"40","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23947","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915258116","article-title":"Unraveling driving forces explaining significant reduction in satellite-inferred Arctic surface albedo since the 1980s","volume":"116","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1062","article-title":"Radiative forcing and albedo feedback from the Northern Hemisphere cryosphere between 1979 and 2008","volume":"4","author":"Flanner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3322","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318201111","article-title":"Observational determination of albedo decrease caused by vanishing Arctic sea ice","volume":"111","author":"Pistone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00389.1","article-title":"Assessment of sea ice albedo radiative forcing and feedback over the Northern Hemisphere from 1982 to 2009 using satellite and reanalysis data","volume":"28","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-021-00841-x","article-title":"Recent strengthening of snow and ice albedo feedback driven by Antarctic sea-ice loss","volume":"14","author":"Bright","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seong, N.-H., Kim, H.-C., Choi, S., Jin, D., Jung, D., Sim, S., Woo, J., Kim, N., Seo, M., and Lee, K.-S. (2022). Evaluation of Sea Ice Radiative Forcing according to Surface Albedo and Skin Temperature over the Arctic from 1982\u20132015. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14112512"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-008-0493-4","article-title":"The sea ice mass budget of the Arctic and its future change as simulated by coupled climate models","volume":"34","author":"Holland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50316","article-title":"When will the summer Arctic be nearly sea ice free?","volume":"40","author":"Overland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL076159","article-title":"Arctic Sea Ice in a 1.5 \u00b0C Warmer World","volume":"45","author":"Niederdrenk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7474","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL082914","article-title":"Radiative Heating of an Ice-Free Arctic Ocean","volume":"46","author":"Pistone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D16102","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD015804","article-title":"Estimating the global radiative impact of the sea ice-albedo feedback in the Arctic","volume":"116","author":"Hudson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s40641-018-0113-2","article-title":"The Trajectory Towards a Seasonally Ice-Free Arctic Ocean","volume":"4","author":"Notz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Clim. Chang. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-021-00183-x","article-title":"Arctic open-water periods are projected to lengthen dramatically by 2100","volume":"2","author":"Crawford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1890\/11-0858.1","article-title":"An estimated cost of lost climate regulation services caused by thawing of the Arctic cryosphere","volume":"23","author":"Euskirchen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badina, S., and Pankratov, A. (2022). Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Change on the Russian Arctic Economy (including the Energy Industry). Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15082849"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09863-x","article-title":"Climate policy implications of nonlinear decline of Arctic land permafrost and other cryosphere elements","volume":"10","author":"Yumashev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordhaus, W.D., and Boyer, J. (2000). Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming, The MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7158.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12261","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1814990116","article-title":"Economics of the disintegration of the Greenland ice sheet","volume":"116","author":"Nordhaus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JCLI2110.1","article-title":"Quantifying climate feedbacks using radiative kernels","volume":"21","author":"Soden","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-010-9965-8","article-title":"Bright water: Hydrosols, water conservation and climate change","volume":"105","author":"Seitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900284","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Variability of Satellite-derived Cloud and Surface Characteristics During FIRE-ACE","volume":"106","author":"Maslanik","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Key, J., Wang, X., Liu, Y., Dworak, R., and Letterly, A. (2016). The AVHRR polar Pathfinder climate data records. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030167"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-011-0148-z","article-title":"The representative concentration pathways: An overview","volume":"109","author":"Edmonds","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08823","article-title":"The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment","volume":"463","author":"Moss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Cavalieri, D., Parkinson, C., Gloersen, P., and Zwally, H. (1996). Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM\/I-SSMIS Passive Microwave Data, Version 1, NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi1010032","article-title":"EASE-Grid 2.0: Incremental but significant improvements for earth-gridded data sets","volume":"1","author":"Brodzik","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5419","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0758.1","article-title":"The modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2 (MERRA-2)","volume":"30","author":"Gelaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","article-title":"The ERA5 global reanalysis","volume":"146","author":"Hersbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-317-2018","article-title":"Surface and top-of-Atmosphere radiative feedback kernels for cesm-cam5","volume":"10","author":"Pendergrass","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12023","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL079826","article-title":"Understanding Rapid Adjustments to Diverse Forcing Agents","volume":"45","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"273","article-title":"Estimates of the Social Cost of Carbon:Concepts and Results from the DICE-2013R Model and Alternative Approaches","volume":"1","author":"Nordhaus","year":"2014","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1609244114","article-title":"Revisiting the social cost of carbon","volume":"114","author":"Nordhaus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"World Bank (2020). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2021, World Bank."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Moritz, R.E., and Gawel, A. (2021). Increasing Climate Ambition: Analysis of an International Carbon Price Floor, PwC."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Stiglitz, J.E., Stern, N., Duan, M., Edenhofer, O., Giraud, G., Heal, G.M., la Rovere, E.L., Morris, A., Moyer, E., and Pangestu, M. (2017). Report of the High-Level Commission on Carbon Prices, International Development Association."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L01703","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL031972","article-title":"Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice cover","volume":"35","author":"Comiso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5204","DOI":"10.1029\/2017GL076717","article-title":"The Unprecedented 2016\u20132017 Arctic Sea Ice Growth Season: The Crucial Role of Atmospheric Rivers and Longwave Fluxes","volume":"45","author":"Hegyi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"A11","article-title":"Arctic Report Card 2013","volume":"74","author":"Jeffries","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"000103","article-title":"Arctic sea ice albedo: Spectral composition, spatial heterogeneity, and temporal evolution observed during the MOSAiC drift","volume":"10","author":"Light","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elementa"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9899","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL084204","article-title":"Radiative Control of the Interannual Variability of Arctic Sea Ice","volume":"46","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Perovich, D., Meier, W., Tschudi, M., Hendricks, S., Petty, A.A., Divine, D., Farrell, S., Gerland, S., Haas, C., and Kaleschke, L. (2021). Arctic Report Card 2020: Sea ice. NOAA Arct. Rep. Card 2020."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-14-477-2020","article-title":"Sea ice volume variability and water temperature in the Greenland Sea","volume":"14","author":"Selyuzhenok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accre.2020.03.002","article-title":"Assessments of the Arctic amplification and the changes in the Arctic sea surface","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Clim. Chang. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0329.1","article-title":"Climatology and interannual variability of cloudiness in the Atlantic Arctic from surface observations since the late nineteenth century","volume":"30","author":"Chernokulsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6980","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL082791","article-title":"Thicker Clouds and Accelerated Arctic Sea Ice Decline: The Atmosphere-Sea Ice Interactions in Spring","volume":"46","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matveeva, T.A., and Semenov, V.A. (2022). Regional Features of the Arctic Sea Ice Area Changes in 2000\u20132019 versus 1979\u20131999 Periods. Atmosphere, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13091434"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polar.2020.100617","article-title":"Arctic sea ice and snow cover albedo variability and trends during the last three decades","volume":"28","author":"Marcianesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polar Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Yang, Y., and Yin, C. (2021). Contribution of changes in snow cover extent to shortwave radiation perturbations at the top of the atmosphere over the northern hemisphere during 2000\u20132019. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234938"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150970","article-title":"Cascading costs of snow cover reduction trend in northern hemisphere","volume":"806","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Jarraud, M., and Steiner, A. (2012). Summary for Policymakers. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019GL086749","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL086749","article-title":"Arctic Sea Ice in CMIP6","volume":"47","author":"Notz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5431","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029021","article-title":"Observation-Based Radiative Kernels From CloudSat\/CALIPSO","volume":"124","author":"Kramer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/4\/970\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:29:32Z","timestamp":1760120972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/4\/970"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15040970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15040970","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]}}}