{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T22:07:12Z","timestamp":1768514832352,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2022R1C1C1011747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1C1C1011747"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["20190344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20190344"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["20180447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180447"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, South Korea","award":["2022R1C1C1011747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1C1C1011747"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, South Korea","award":["20190344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20190344"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, South Korea","award":["20180447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180447"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Marine Science &amp; Technology Promotion(KIMST)","award":["2022R1C1C1011747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1C1C1011747"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Marine Science &amp; Technology Promotion(KIMST)","award":["20190344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20190344"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Marine Science &amp; Technology Promotion(KIMST)","award":["20180447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180447"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oceanic mesoscale eddies continuously regulate the horizontal and vertical transport of mass, heat, salt, carbon, and nutrients throughout the ocean system owing to their ubiquity, three-dimensionality, and long-term persistence. Although satellites have been the main platforms used to observe mesoscale eddies and chlorophyll-a (Chla) distributions, they cannot support submesoscale physical\u2013biological interactions. Contemporary satellite observations of Eulerian velocity fields are unable to resolve submesoscale processes that govern vertical migration and mixing, which are crucial for controlling the nutrients and light for phytoplankton in the surface layer. We explored the physical\u2013biological interaction between the anticyclonic mesoscale eddy and the Chla secondary bloom that occurred after the spring bloom in the East\/Japan Sea using the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI). The GOCI currents were generated using GOCI Chla data and were used to map streamlines, vorticity, and divergence to characterize the surface current near the eddy. In the early spring bloom period, the eddy interior showed Chla depletion as the eddy was trapped externally. We found that the second bloom period coincided with a higher divergence or upwelling period in the eddy core, and a sharp Chla peak was observed when wind-induced Ekman suction was pronounced. This study describes the first satellite observation of surface layer divergence inside an anticyclonic mesoscale eddy with internal Chla blooms, utilizing a submesoscale-permitting GOCI-based surface current.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15040995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T06:09:21Z","timestamp":1676268561000},"page":"995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Divergence Observation in a Mesoscale Eddy during Chla Bloom Revealed in Submesoscale Satellite Currents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7648-6471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tran Thi My","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean Engineering, College of Environmental and Marine Sciences and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3862-396X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Gyu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Circulation Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9967-0108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun Myoung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean Engineering, College of Environmental and Marine Sciences and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.40.111406.102139","article-title":"Ocean circulation kinetic energy: Reservoirs, sources, and sinks","volume":"41","author":"Ferrari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsr178","article-title":"Impact of an anticyclonic eddy on the summer nutrient and chlorophyll a distributions in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Japan Sea)","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05162-6","article-title":"Anticyclonic eddies eggreagate pelagic predators in a subtropical gyre","volume":"609","author":"Arostegui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-16-0253.1","article-title":"An investigation of the influences of mesoscale ocean eddies on tropical cyclone intensities","volume":"145","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-018-4237-9","article-title":"Atmosphere surface storm track response to resolved ocean mesoscale in two sets of global climate model experiments","volume":"52","author":"Small","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5448","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5448","article-title":"Effects of mesoscale eddies on behavior of an oil spill resulting from an accidental deepwater blowout in the Black Sea: An assessment of the environmental impacts","volume":"6","author":"Korotenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-010814-015606","article-title":"Mechanisms of physical-biological-biogeochemical interaction at the oceanic mesoscale","volume":"8","author":"McGillicuddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7444","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.685976","article-title":"Eddy-feature phytoplankton bloom induced by a tropical cyclone in the South China Sea","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciancia, E., Lacava, T., Pergola, N., Vellucci, V., Antoine, D., Satriano, V., and Tramutoli, V. (2021). Quantifying the Variability of Phytoplankton Blooms in the NW Mediterranean Sea with the Robust Satellite Techniques (RST). Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13245151"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korotenko, K., Osadchiev, A., and Melnikov, V. (2022). Mesoscale Eddies in the Black Sea and Their Impact on River Plumes: Numerical Modeling and Satellite Observations. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14174149"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0645(00)00164-8","article-title":"Covariation of mesoscale ocean color and sea-surface temperature patterns in the Sargasso Sea","volume":"48","author":"McGillicuddy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01550-9","article-title":"The near-global ocean mesoscale eddy atmospheric-oceanic-biological interaction observational dataset","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., and Liang, X. (2022). Characteristics of Eulerian Mesoscale Eddies in the Gulf of Mexico. Front. Mar. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.1087060"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Liu, X., Liu, T., and Chen, D. (2022). Characteristics of Mesoscale Eddies in the Vicinity of the Kuroshio: Statistics from Satellite Altimeter Observations and OFES Reanalysis Data. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10121975"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8603","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010176","article-title":"Long-lived mesoscale eddies in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Analysis of 20 years of AVISO geostrophic velocities","volume":"119","author":"Mkhinini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8913","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015031","article-title":"Cyclostrophic corrections of AVISO\/DUACS surface velocities and its application to mesoscale eddies in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"124","author":"Ioannou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C10021","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JC007970","article-title":"Mesoscale eddies in the northeastern Pacific tropical-subtropical transition zone: Statistical characterization from satellite altimetry","volume":"117","author":"Kurczyn","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, J.J., Jang, H.K., Lim, J.H., Lee, D., Lee, J.H., Bae, H., Lee, C.H., Kang, C.-K., and Lee, S.H. (2020). Characteristics of Different Size Phytoplankton for Primary Production and Biochemical Compositions in the Western East\/Japan Sea. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.560102"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8214","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL083892","article-title":"Characterization of submesoscale turbulence in the east\/japan sea using geostationary ocean color satellite images","volume":"46","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2012.12.001","article-title":"Role of physical processes in chlorophyll distribution in the western tropical Indian Ocean","volume":"113","author":"George","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"20160117","article-title":"Submesoscale currents in the ocean","volume":"472","author":"McWilliams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JC016085","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JC016085","article-title":"Submesoscale kinematic properties in summer and winter surface flows in the Northern Gulf of Mexico","volume":"125","author":"Berta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, G., Bracco, A., and Sitar, A. (2021). Submesoscale Mixing Across the Mixed Layer in the Gulf of Mexico. Front. Mar. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.615066"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.07.031","article-title":"Evaluation of chlorophyll retrievals from Geostationary Ocean color imager (GOCI) for the north-east Asian region","volume":"184","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, M.S., Lee, S., Ahn, J.H., Lee, S.J., Choi, J.K., and Ryu, J.H. (2021). Decadal Measurements of the First Geostationary Ocean Color Satellite (GOCI) Compared with MODIS and VIIRS Data. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14010072"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, K.A., Park, J.E., and Kang, C.K. (2022). Satellite-Observed Chlorophyll-a Concentration Variability in the East Sea (Japan Sea): Seasonal Cycle, Long-Term Trend, and Response to Climate Index. Front. Mar. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.807570"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2004.06.001","article-title":"Seasonal and interannual variability of sea surface chlorophyll a concentration in the Japan\/East Sea (JES)","volume":"61","author":"Yamada","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Meng, Y., Lin, S., and Xi, J. (2022). Remote Sensing of the Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Surface Chlorophyll-a Concentration in the Northwest Pacific over the Past 23 Years (1997\u20132020). Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215611"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2006.49","article-title":"Biological Structure and Seasonality in the Japan\/East Sea","volume":"19","author":"Ashijan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150028","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2015.28","article-title":"A daily global mesoscale ocean eddy dataset from satellite altimetry","volume":"2","author":"Faghmous","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1029\/JC091iC11p12865","article-title":"An objective procedure to compute advection from sequential infrared satellite images","volume":"91","author":"Emery","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24-1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JC001116","article-title":"Continuity preserving modified maximum cross-correlation technique","volume":"107","author":"Zavialov","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3988","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC009981","article-title":"Application of the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) to estimates of ocean surface currents","volume":"119","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.11.010","article-title":"Estimating advective near-surface currents from ocean color satellite images","volume":"158","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2016.1219423","article-title":"Observation of diurnal variations in mesoscale eddy sea-surface currents using GOCI data","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5105","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1226526","article-title":"Estimation of sea surface currents based on ocean colour remote-sensing image analysis","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6993","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC011814","article-title":"Estimation of ocean surface currents from maximum cross correlation applied to GOCI geostationary satellite remote sensing data over the Tsushima (Korea) Straits","volume":"121","author":"Warren","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7113","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2741924","article-title":"Computing ocean surface currents from GOCI ocean color satellite imagery","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J.M., Kim, W., Hong, T.T.M., and Park, Y.G. (2021). Derivation and Evaluation of Satellite-Based Surface Current. Front. Mar. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.695780"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thielicke, W., and Stamhuis, E. (2014). PIVlab\u2013towards user-friendly, affordable and accurate digital particle image velocimetry in MATLAB. J. Open Res. Softw., 2.","DOI":"10.5334\/jors.bl"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-14-00019.1","article-title":"A new sea surface height\u2013based code for oceanic mesoscale eddy tracking","volume":"31","author":"Mason","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Delepoulle, A., Chelton, D., Schlax, M., Faugere, Y., and Dibarboure, G. (2018). Geophysical Research Abstracts, EGU2018-13690; European Geosciences Union."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2015.07.004","article-title":"Model investigations of the North Atlantic spring bloom initiation","volume":"138","author":"Kuhn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2014.02.002","article-title":"Enhancement of eddy-Ekman pumping inside anticyclonic eddies with wind-parallel extension: Satellite observations and numerical studies in the South China Sea","volume":"132","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.02.052","article-title":"A 3D numerical model to track marine plastic debris (TrackMPD): Sensitivity of microplastic trajectories and fates to particle dynamical properties and physical processes","volume":"141","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6611(03)00085-5","article-title":"Phytoplankton patchiness: The role of lateral stirring and mixing","volume":"57","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254023","DOI":"10.1088\/1751-8113\/46\/25\/254023","article-title":"Ecological implications of eddy retention in the open ocean: A Lagrangian approach","volume":"46","author":"Guinet","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. A Math. Theor."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8195","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC010111","article-title":"Regional variations in the influence of mesoscale eddies on near-surface chlorophyll","volume":"119","author":"Gaube","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-7471(65)90007-0","article-title":"Interaction of a uniform wind stress with a geostrophic vortex","volume":"Volume 12","author":"Stern","year":"1965","journal-title":"Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tennekes, H., and Lumley, J.L. (1972). A First Course in Turbulence, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Chapter 2.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3014.001.0001"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/4\/995\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:30:50Z","timestamp":1760121050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/4\/995"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15040995"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15040995","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]}}}