{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:04:57Z","timestamp":1768867497211,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ESA-MOST China DRAGON-5 project","award":["59339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["59339"]}]},{"name":"ESA-MOST China DRAGON-5 project","award":["202004180062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202004180062"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Scholarship Council","award":["59339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["59339"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Scholarship Council","award":["202004180062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202004180062"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Slope failures, subsidence, earthworks, consolidation of waste dumps, and erosion are typical active deformation processes that pose a significant hazard in current and abandoned mining areas, given their considerable potential to produce damage and affect the population at large. This work proves the potential of exploiting space-borne InSAR and airborne LiDAR techniques, combined with data inferred through a simple slope stability geotechnical model, to obtain and update inventory maps of active deformations in mining areas. The proposed approach is illustrated by analyzing the region of Sierra de Cartagena-La Union (Murcia), a mountainous mining area in southeast Spain. Firstly, we processed Sentinel-1 InSAR imagery acquired both in ascending and descending orbits covering the period from October 2016 to November 2021. The obtained ascending and descending deformation velocities were then separately post-processed to semi-automatically generate two active deformation areas (ADA) maps by using ADATool. Subsequently, the PS-InSAR LOS displacements of the ascending and descending tracks were decomposed into vertical and east-west components. Complementarily, open-access, and non-customized LiDAR point clouds were used to analyze surface changes and movements. Furthermore, a slope stability safety factor (SF) map was obtained over the study area adopting a simple infinite slope stability model. Finally, the InSAR-derived maps, the LiDAR-derived map, and the SF map were integrated to update a previously published landslides\u2019 inventory map and to perform a preliminary classification of the different active deformation areas with the support of optical images and a geological map. Complementarily, a level of activity index is defined to state the reliability of the detected ADA. A total of 28, 19, 5, and 12 ADAs were identified through ascending, descending, horizontal, and vertical InSAR datasets, respectively, and 58 ADAs from the LiDAR change detection map. The subsequent preliminary classification of the ADA enabled the identification of eight areas of consolidation of waste dumps, 11 zones in which earthworks were performed, three areas affected by erosion processes, 17 landslides, two mining subsidence zone, seven areas affected by compound processes, and 23 possible false positive ADAs. The results highlight the effectiveness of these two remote sensing techniques (i.e., InSAR and LiDAR) in conjunction with simple geotechnical models and with the support of orthophotos and geological information to update inventory maps of active deformation areas in mining zones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15040996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T06:09:21Z","timestamp":1676268561000},"page":"996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Updating Active Deformation Inventory Maps in Mining Areas by Integrating InSAR and LiDAR Datasets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8909-0687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liuru","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Civil, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior de Alicante, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center (LASAC), Ministry of Natural Resources of P.R. China, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"The First Topographic Surveying Brigade of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2947-9441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Tom\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Civil, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior de Alicante, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinming","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center (LASAC), Ministry of Natural Resources of P.R. China, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0663-3805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"L\u00f3pez Vinielles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modeling Group (InSARlab), Geohazards and Climate Change Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME-CSIC), Calle de R\u00edos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6633-9184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modeling Group (InSARlab), Geohazards and Climate Change Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME-CSIC), Calle de R\u00edos Rosas, 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center (LASAC), Ministry of Natural Resources of P.R. China, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"Radar Interferometry Techniques for the Study of Ground Subsidence Phenomena: A Review of Practical Issues through Cases in Spain","volume":"71","author":"Romero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2019.1681905","article-title":"Landslide mapping using optical and radar data: A case study from Aminteo, Western Macedonia Greece","volume":"53","author":"Kyriou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. 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