{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T20:34:45Z","timestamp":1772829285254,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42275164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275164"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SQ2022AAA010127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SQ2022AAA010127"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["FY-APP-2021.0304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY-APP-2021.0304"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["42275164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275164"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["SQ2022AAA010127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SQ2022AAA010127"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["FY-APP-2021.0304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY-APP-2021.0304"]}]},{"name":"China Meteorological Administration","award":["42275164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275164"]}]},{"name":"China Meteorological Administration","award":["SQ2022AAA010127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SQ2022AAA010127"]}]},{"name":"China Meteorological Administration","award":["FY-APP-2021.0304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY-APP-2021.0304"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["42275164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42275164"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["SQ2022AAA010127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SQ2022AAA010127"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["FY-APP-2021.0304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY-APP-2021.0304"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The offshore waters of China are a typical monsoon\u2212affected area where the significant wave height (SWH) is strongly influenced by the different seasonal mean flow in winter and summer. However, limited in situ validations of the SWH have been performed on the China\u2013France Oceanography Satellite (CFOSAT) in these waters. This study focused on validating CFOSAT nadir SWH data with SWH data from in situ buoy observations for China\u2019s offshore waters and the Haiyang\u22122B (HY\u22122B) satellite, from July 2019 to December 2021. The validation against the buoy data showed that the relative absolute error has a seasonal cycle, varying in a narrow range near 35%. The RMSE of the CFOSAT nadir SWH was 0.29 m when compared against in situ observations, and CFOSAT was found to be more likely to overestimate the SWH under calm sea conditions. The sea\u2212surface winds play a key role in calm sea conditions. The spatial distributions of the CFOSAT and HY\u22122B seasonal SWHs were similar, with a two\u2212year mean SWH\u2212field correlation coefficient of 0.98. Moreover, the coherence between the two satellites\u2019 SWH variance increased with SWH magnitude. Our study indicates that, in such typical monsoon\u2212influenced waters, attention should be given to the influence of sea conditions on the accuracy of CFOSAT SWH, particularly in studies that combine data from multiple, long\u2212duration space\u2212based sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15041005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T01:48:56Z","timestamp":1676252936000},"page":"1005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Validation of Nadir SWH and Its Variance Characteristics from CFOSAT in China\u2019s Offshore Waters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8048-580X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)\/Joint Center for Data Assimilation Research and Applications, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstrasse 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huanping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Climate Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolay V.","family":"Koldunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuzhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Climate Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisha","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Climate Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Fraedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)\/Joint Center for Data Assimilation Research and Applications, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstrasse 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiefei","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)\/Joint Center for Data Assimilation Research and Applications, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-018-4085-7","article-title":"On the role of horizontal resolution over the Tibetan Plateau in the REMO regional climate model","volume":"51","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. 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