{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T14:44:23Z","timestamp":1775486663474,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,12]],"date-time":"2023-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U22A20567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20567"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51809250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51809250"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020BCA074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BCA074"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["KY201802007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KY201802007"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Research and Development Program","award":["U22A20567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20567"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Research and Development Program","award":["51809250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51809250"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Research and Development Program","award":["2020BCA074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BCA074"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Research and Development Program","award":["KY201802007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KY201802007"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Partnership Program, Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["U22A20567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20567"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Partnership Program, Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["51809250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51809250"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Partnership Program, Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2020BCA074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BCA074"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Partnership Program, Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["KY201802007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KY201802007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate extraction of river network from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a significant content in the application of a distributed hydrological model. However, the study of river network extraction based on DEM has some limitations, such as location offset, inaccurate parallel channel and short circuit of meandering channels. In this study, we proposed a new enhancement method for NASADEM V001 in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area. We used Surface Water Occurrence (SWO) and Sentinel-2 data to describe vertical limit differences between morphological units to complement actual flow path information from NASADEM data by a stream burning method. The differences between the extracted river network and the actual river network were evaluated in three different geographical regions. Compared with the actual river centerline, the location error of the river network extraction was significantly reduced. The average offset distances between river network extraction and the actual river network were 68.38, 36.99, and 21.59 m in the three test areas. Compared with NASADEM V001, the average offset distances in the three test areas were reduced by 7.26, 40.29, and 42.35%, respectively. To better estimate accuracy, we also calculated and compared the accuracy of the river network based on MERIT Hrdro and HydroSHEDS. The experimental results demonstrated that the method can effectively improve the accuracy of river network extraction and meet the needs of hydrological simulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15041014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T01:48:56Z","timestamp":1676252936000},"page":"1014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Extracting a Connected River Network from DEM by Incorporating Surface River Occurrence Data and Sentinel-2 Imagery in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Area"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lijie","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Lihui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2292-619X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qichi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0685-4897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112281","article-title":"Basin-scale high-resolution extraction of drainage networks using 10-m Sentinel-2 imagery","volume":"255","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2019.04.022","article-title":"High-efficient extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation models constrained by enhanced flow enforcement from known river maps","volume":"340","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1002\/2016WR019656","article-title":"Improved modeling of snow and glacier melting by a progressive two-stage calibration strategy with GRACE and multisource data: How snow and glacier meltwater contributes to the runoff of the Upper Brahmaputra River basin?","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1002\/2017MS001026","article-title":"Evaluation of the runoff and river routing schemes in the community land model of the Yellow River Basi","volume":"9","author":"Sheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5053","DOI":"10.1029\/2019WR024873","article-title":"MERIT Hydro: A high-resolution global hydrography map based on latest topography dataset","volume":"55","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2019WR026449","article-title":"High resolution modeling of river-floodplain-reservoir inundation dynamics in the Mekong River Basin","volume":"56","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.01.018","article-title":"A phosphorus index that combines critical source areas and transport pathways using a travel time approach","volume":"486","author":"Buchanan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2013.04.002","article-title":"Investigating the effects of point source and non point source pollution on the water quality of the East River (Dongjiang) in South China","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2016.11.018","article-title":"Modelling trace metal transfer in large rivers under dynamic hydrology: A coupled hydrodynamic and chemical equilibrium model","volume":"89","author":"Garneau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"U.S. Geological Survey (2020, December 28). HYDRO1k Elevation Derivative Database, Available online: http:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/products\/elevation\/gtopo30\/hydro\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1029\/2008EO100001","article-title":"New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data","volume":"89","author":"Lehner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12518-010-0041-x","article-title":"Ithaca worldwide flood alert system: The web framework","volume":"3","author":"Agosto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Geomat."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-19-91-2015","article-title":"High-resolution global topographic index values for use in large-scale hydrological modelling","volume":"19","author":"Marthews","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5287","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-25-5287-2021","article-title":"A hydrography upscaling method for scale-invariant parametrization of distributed hydrological models","volume":"25","author":"Dirk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1029\/2012WR012313","article-title":"A new global river network database for macroscale hydrologic modeling","volume":"48","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-4-597-2018","article-title":"Automated road breaching to enhance extraction of natural drainage networks from elevation models through deep learning","volume":"XLII-4","author":"Stanislawski","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS-Int. Arch. Photogrammetry. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.11479","article-title":"A combined algorithm for automated drainage network extraction from digital elevation models","volume":"32","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2017.10.034","article-title":"Drainage network extraction from a high-resolution DEM using parallel programming in the NET Framework","volume":"555","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2015.06.019","article-title":"A hierarchical pyramid method for managing large-scale high-resolution drainage networks extracted from DEM","volume":"85","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-189X(84)80011-0","article-title":"The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data","volume":"28","author":"Mark","year":"1984","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1029\/96WR03137","article-title":"A new method for the determination of flow directions and upslope areas in grid digital elevation models","volume":"33","author":"Tarboton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"450","article-title":"Multiple flow direction algorithm with flow partition scheme based on downslope gradient","volume":"17","author":"Qin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"75","article-title":"Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), Mission Overview","volume":"55","author":"Werner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Telecommun."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1125","article-title":"The Digital Chart of the World Project","volume":"58","author":"Danko","year":"1992","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Environmental Systems Research Institute (1992). ArcWorld 1: 3 Mio: Continental Coverage, Environmental Systems Research Institute. Data obtained on CD."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2004.03.028","article-title":"Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands","volume":"296","author":"Lehner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.10.014","article-title":"Development of a global ~90 m water body map using multi-temporal Landsat images","volume":"171","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20584","article-title":"High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes","volume":"540","author":"Pekel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-8198.2008.00167.x","article-title":"Web Mapping 2.0: The Neogeography of the GeoWeb","volume":"2","author":"Haklay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geogr. Compass"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5844","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL072874","article-title":"A high-accuracy map of global terrain elevations","volume":"44","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Liu, J., Li, J., and Zhang, D.D. (2018). Multi-Spectral Water Index (MuWI): A Native 10-m Multi-Spectral Water Index for Accurate Water Mapping on Sentinel-2. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101643"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preparation of DEMs for use in environmental modeling analysis","volume":"24","author":"Saunders","year":"1999","journal-title":"Esri User Conf."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Hellweger, R. (1997, October 01). Center for Research in Water Resources, The University of Texas at Austin 1997. Available online: https:\/\/www.ce.utexas.edu\/prof\/maidment\/gishydro\/ferdi\/research\/agree\/agree.html."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"27","article-title":"River System Extraction Based on AGREE Algorithm","volume":"33","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. Power"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111792","article-title":"Mapping and sampling to characterize global inland water dynamics from 1999 to 2018 with full Landsat time-series","volume":"243","author":"Pickens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"095041","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.9.095041","article-title":"Adaptive hydrological flow field modeling based on water body extraction and surface information","volume":"9","author":"Puttinaovarat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2018.1505229","article-title":"River centerline extraction using the multiple direction integration algorithm for mixed and pure water pixels","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"GISci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/15715124.2015.1089250","article-title":"Advancing river modelling in ungauged basins using satellite remote sensing: The case of the Ganges\u2013Brahmaputra\u2013Meghna basin","volume":"14","author":"Maswood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. River Basin Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-021-6666-x","article-title":"Lithological and tectonic response on catchment characteristics of Rishi Khola, Sikkim, India","volume":"18","author":"Sohini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3227-4","article-title":"Geomorphology and morphometry of the de La Flecha river basin, San Juan, Argentina","volume":"72","author":"Perucca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1145\/357994.358023","article-title":"A fast parallel algorithm for thinning digital patterns","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"1984","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5083826","article-title":"Dynamic Assessment of Soil Erosion Risk Using Landsat TM and HJ Satellite Data in Danjiangkou Reservoir area, China","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2019.02.009","article-title":"Analysis on land ecological security change and affect factors using RS and GWR in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area, China","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLI-B4-125-2016","article-title":"NASADEM global elevation model:methods and progress","volume":"XLI-B4","author":"Crippen","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS-Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948714","article-title":"The use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features","volume":"17","author":"McFEETERS","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1593","article-title":"Extracting Topographic Structure from Digital Elevation Data for Geographic Information System Analysis","volume":"54","author":"Jenson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/4\/1014\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:32:22Z","timestamp":1760121142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/4\/1014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15041014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15041014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,12]]}}}