{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T20:08:13Z","timestamp":1774642093105,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,12]],"date-time":"2023-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"German Academic Exchange Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["57399578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57399578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"German Academic Exchange Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC21K1516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC21K1516"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"German Academic Exchange Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G18AC00321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G18AC00321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["57399578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57399578"]}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["80NSSC21K1516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC21K1516"]}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["G18AC00321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G18AC00321"]}]},{"name":"USGS","award":["57399578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57399578"]}]},{"name":"USGS","award":["80NSSC21K1516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC21K1516"]}]},{"name":"USGS","award":["G18AC00321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G18AC00321"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precise knowledge of crop water consumption is essential to better manage agricultural water use, particularly in regions where most countries struggle with increasing water and food insecurity. Approaches such as cloud computing and remote sensing (RS) have facilitated access, process, and visualization of big geospatial data to map and monitor crop water requirements. To find the most reliable Vegetation Index (VI)-based evapotranspiration (ETa) for croplands in drylands, we modeled and mapped ETa using empirical RS methods across the Zayandehrud river basin in Iran for two decades (2000\u20132019) on the Google Earth Engine platform using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Enhanced Vegetation Index 2 (EVI2). Developed ET-VI products in this study comprise three NDVI-based ETa (ET-NDVI*, ET-NDVI*scaled, and ET-NDVIKc) and an EVI2-based ETa (ET-EVI2). We (a) applied, for the first time, the ET-NDVI* method to croplands as a crop-independent index and then compared its performance with the ET-EVI2 and crop ET, and (b) assessed the ease and feasibility of the transferability of these methods to other regions. Comparing four ET-VI products showed that annual ET-EVI2 and ET-NDVI*scaled estimations were close. ET-NDVIKc consistently overestimated ETa. Our findings indicate that ET-EVI2 and ET-NDVIKc were easy to parametrize and adopt to other regions, while ET-NDVI* and ET-NDVI*scaled are site-dependent and sensitive to image acquisition time. ET-EVI2 performed robustly in arid and semi-arid regions making it a better tool. Future research should further develop and confirm these findings by characterizing the accuracy of VI-based ETa over croplands in drylands by comparing them with available ETa products and examining their performance using crop-specific comparisons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15041017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T01:48:56Z","timestamp":1676252936000},"page":"1017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Mapping Vegetation Index-Derived Actual Evapotranspiration across Croplands Using the Google Earth Engine Platform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2315-0402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neda","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences, University of G\u00f6ttingen, Von-Siebold-Stra\u00dfe 8, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg, Deutschhausstra\u00dfe 10, 35032 Marburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Hamideh","family":"Nouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences, University of G\u00f6ttingen, Von-Siebold-Stra\u00dfe 8, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department for Environment and Water, SA Government, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}]},{"given":"Kamel","family":"Didan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosystems Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1177 E. 4th St., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Barreto-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosystems Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1177 E. 4th St., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4498-9020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sattar","family":"Chavoshi Borujeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, AREEO, Isfahan 19395-1113, Iran"},{"name":"School of Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7034-6945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Opp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg, Deutschhausstra\u00dfe 10, 35032 Marburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0674-103X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela","family":"Nagler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 520 N. Park Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2182-8822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prasad S.","family":"Thenkabail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9998-0672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Siebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences, University of G\u00f6ttingen, Von-Siebold-Stra\u00dfe 8, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsbe.2014.04.006","article-title":"Climate change and challenges of water and food security","volume":"3","author":"Misra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. 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