{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:12:34Z","timestamp":1784135554102,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1839203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1839203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42202232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42202232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42272242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42272242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42030305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IGCEA1812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGCEA1812"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LED2020B03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LED2020B03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["U1839203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1839203"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["42202232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42202232"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["42272242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42272242"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["42030305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030305"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["IGCEA1812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGCEA1812"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["LED2020B03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LED2020B03"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamic of China","award":["U1839203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1839203"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamic of China","award":["42202232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42202232"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamic of China","award":["42272242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42272242"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamic of China","award":["42030305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42030305"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamic of China","award":["IGCEA1812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGCEA1812"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamic of China","award":["LED2020B03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LED2020B03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo (Madoi) earthquake that struck the northern Tibetan Plateau resulted in widespread coseismic deformation features, such as surface ruptures and soil liquefaction. By utilizing the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry technology, we accurately recognize and map 39,286 liquefaction sites within a 1.5 km wide zone along the coseismic surface rupture. We then systematically analyze the coseismic liquefaction distribution characteristics and the possible influencing factors. The coseismic liquefaction density remains on a higher level within 250 m from the surface rupture and decreases in a power law with the increasing distance. The amplification of the seismic waves in the vicinity of the rupture zone enhances the liquefaction effects near it. More than 90% of coseismic liquefaction occurs in the peak ground acceleration (PGA) &gt; 0.50 g, and the liquefaction density is significantly higher in the region with seismic intensity &gt; VIII. Combined with the sedimentary distribution along-strike of the surface rupture, the mapped liquefaction sites indicate that the differences in the sedimentary environments could cause more intense liquefaction on the western side of the epicenter, where loose Quaternary deposits are widely spread. The stronger coseismic liquefaction sites correspond to the Eling Lake section, the Yellow River floodplain, and the Heihe River floodplain, where the soil is mostly saturated with loose fine-grained sand and the groundwater level is high. Our results show that the massive liquefaction caused by the strong ground shaking during the Maduo (Madoi) earthquake was distributed as the specific local sedimentary environment and the groundwater level changed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15041032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T02:16:01Z","timestamp":1676340961000},"page":"1032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Mapping of Soil Liquefaction Associated with the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo (Madoi) Earthquake Based on the UAV Photogrammetry Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5826-6405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7108-6452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Liu-Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanxiu","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longfei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuwen","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunpeng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqian","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiming","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianyang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy, Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengzhen","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earthquake Agency of Qinghai Province, Xining 810001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eqrea.2022.100140","article-title":"High-resolution structure-from-motion models covering 160 km-long surface ruptures of the 2021 Mw7.4 Madoi earthquake in northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"2","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earthq. 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