{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:04:05Z","timestamp":1785801845854,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31922055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31922055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)","award":["31922055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31922055"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus Linnaeus) is a globally endangered species, an internationally protected species, and a first-class protected animal in China. However, future climate change and human activities exacerbate the instability of its habitat range, leading to a possible reduction in the range. By using multi-source remote sensing data and products, as well as climate change models, including ASTER GDEM v3, Landsat8 OLI image and ClimateAP, we examined the effects of ecological factors related to climate and natural and anthropogenic influences on the distribution of Asian elephants in Sipsongpanna. Multiyear elephant field tracking data were used with a MaxEnt species distribution model and the climate model. First, the distribution of Asian elephants in potentially suitable areas in Sipsongpanna was simulated under current climatic conditions without considering human activities. The predicted distribution was verified by existing Asian elephant migration trajectories. Subsequently, the distribution of potentially suitable areas for Asian elephants in Sipsongpanna was simulated under two climate change scenarios (RCP4.5, RCP8.5) in three periods (2025, 2055, and 2085). The changes in potentially suitable areas for Asian elephants in Sipsongpanna were analyzed under multiple climate change scenarios for the current (2017) and different future periods by considering the effects of human activities. The results show the following: (1) under anthropogenic interference (AI), the optimal MaxEnt model has a high prediction accuracy with the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.913. The feature combination (FC) includes linear, quadratic, and threshold features, and the regularization multiplier (RM) is 2.1. (2) Jackknife analyses of the non-anthropogenic interference (NAI) and anthropogenic interference (AI) scenarios indicate that topography (altitude (Alt)), temperature (mean warmest month temperature (MWMT)), and precipitation (mean annual precipitation (MAP)) are the top three factors influencing the distribution of Asian elephants. (3) The total area suitable for Asian elephants under current climate conditions and AI accounts for 46.35% of the total area. Areas of high suitability (occurrence probability &gt;0.5) are located in Jinghong City in central Sipsongpanna and Mengla County in southeastern Sipsongpanna. Among them, the minimum habitat range and ecological corridors are mainly located in Mengman Town, Mohan Town, Mengla Town, Mengban Township, Dadugang Township, and Mengwang Township. (4) The change in potentially suitable areas for Asian elephants between current and future conditions is small under AI and large under undisturbed conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15041047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T01:38:18Z","timestamp":1676425098000},"page":"1047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Evaluation of Habitat Suitability for Asian Elephants in Sipsongpanna under Climate Change by Coupling Multi-Source Remote Sensing Products with MaxEnt Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenjing","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingchuan","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuliang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guibin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5195-0477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2013\u2014The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crte.2008.04.001","article-title":"The impact of climate change on large mammal distribution and extinction: Evidence from the last glacial\/interglacial transition","volume":"340","author":"Lister","year":"2008","journal-title":"C. R. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"260","article-title":"Impact of urbanization on insect diversity","volume":"21","author":"Ye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biodiversity"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8606","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116791109","article-title":"Dispersal will limit ability of mammals to track climate change in the Western Hemisphere","volume":"109","author":"Schloss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Jiang, Z. (2019). Maximum Entropy Model (MaxEnt) Prediction of Suitable Habitat for Wild Asian Elephants in China in a Climatic Context. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Yunnan University]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3803","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-007-9181-7","article-title":"Potential impacts of climate change on the distributions and diversity patterns of European mammals","volume":"16","author":"Levinsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2012.02691.x","article-title":"Evaluating drivers of vulnerability to climate change: A guide for insect conservation strategies","volume":"18","author":"Paula","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2018.e00462","article-title":"Human-elephant conflict in Xishuangbanna Prefecture, China: Distribution, diffusion, and mitigation","volume":"16","author":"Wenwen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"168","article-title":"Potential impacts of climate change on the distribution of giant pandas","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5309","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2015.1093195","article-title":"An overview of 21 global and 43 regional land-cover mapping products","volume":"36","author":"Grekousis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2018.05.014","article-title":"Distribution modelling and multi-scale landscape connectivity highlight important areas for the conservation of savannah elephants","volume":"224","author":"Zacarias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/514434c","article-title":"Open access to Earth land-cover map","volume":"514","author":"Jun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.3169","article-title":"Integrating remote sensing and species distribution modelling to predict benthic communities in a Great Lakes connecting channel","volume":"33","author":"Mehler","year":"2017","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Resource one operational satellite development overview","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spacecr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1922","article-title":"Construction of a national comprehensive monitoring technology system for urban ecological environment","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"38","article-title":"Application of UAV technology in the survey and monitoring of wild Asian elephants in China","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"For. Constr."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"476","article-title":"An overview of China\u2019s UAV remote sensing technology breakthrough and industrial development","volume":"21","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892919000092","article-title":"Integrating Remote Sensing into Wildlife Monitoring for Conservation","volume":"46","author":"Stephenson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Yang, H. (2011). Habitat Analysis of Wild Camels in the Kumtag Desert Region and the Impact of Climate Change. [Ph.D. Thesis, China Academy of Forestry Science]."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"He, Y. (2015). Simulation of Geographical Distribution and Analysis of Dominant Climatic Factors of Five Species of Piper spp.. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Northwest A&F University]."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Ou, Y. (2019). Predicting the Impact of Climate Change on the Potential Distribution of the Pecan Family. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Northwestern University]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12144","article-title":"BIOCLIM: The first species distribution modelling package, its early applications and relevance to most current MAXENT studies","volume":"20","author":"Booth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"2272","article-title":"Ecological niche and GIS-based analysis of the suitability of broad-leaved edelweiss in China","volume":"25","author":"Deng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Southwest China J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Wang, S. (2018). Ecological Suitability Zone of Red Pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb.) in Northeast China Based on MaxEnt Model. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Northeast Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"642","article-title":"Predicting the potential distribution and suitability evaluation of Chuanbeijia based on Maxent and ArcGIS","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Bot. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Cao, B. (2014). Prediction of Potential Distribution of Cornus Officinalis Resources and Analysis of Environmental Factors Affecting the Formation of Active Ingredients. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Shaanxi Normal University]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.15302\/J-FASE-2017172","article-title":"ClimateAP: An application for dynamic local downscaling of historical and future climate data in Asia Pacific","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Agric. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Predicting spatial distribution of plant functional traits in a forest-steppe zone","volume":"69","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pol. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.08.004","article-title":"Climatic niche models and their consensus projections for future climates for four major forest tree species in the Asia-Pacific region","volume":"360","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, L., Sun, J.J., Shi, Y.B., Wang, G.B., and Wang, T.L. (2020). Predicting Suitable Habitats ofCamptotheca acuminataConsidering Both Climatic and Soil Variables. Forests, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/f11080891"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.04.005","article-title":"Habitat evaluation for Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Lincang: Conservation planning for an extremely small population of elephants in China","volume":"198","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"68","article-title":"The rise and Fall of Chinese Asian Elephant and its Causes\u2014Also on the vicissitude of historical climate and ecology","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Southeast Cult."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1725","article-title":"Population and habitat evaluation of Asian elephant in Menglazi Protected Area of Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve","volume":"34","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"5","article-title":"The battle between man and elephant behind the exodus of elephants","volume":"37","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Yang, H., Wang, Q., Zhang, Z., Yao, Z., Li, Z., Wang, L., Xu, H., Li, J., Song, Z., and Zhou, J. (2015). Population Quantity and Distribution of Wild Asian Elephant in Xishuangbanna, Xishuangbanna National Natural Reserve Keyansuo."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-01820-3","article-title":"China\u2019s homeless elephants need linked reserves","volume":"595","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"130","article-title":"Man\u2019s advance and Elephant\u2019s Retreat. New reasons for elephant\u2019s retreat in Yunnan province","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad. Explor."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06751-6","article-title":"Conflict between conservation and development: Cash forest encroachment in Asian elephant distributions","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2017.05.022","article-title":"Habitat heterogeneity hypothesis and edge effects in model metacommunities","volume":"426","author":"Hamm","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4095","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4095","article-title":"SDMtoolbox 2.0: The next generation Python-based GIS toolkit for landscape genetic, biogeographic and species distribution model analyses","volume":"5","author":"Jason","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6791","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6791","article-title":"Habitat suitability and connectivity inform a co-management policy of protected area network for Asian elephants in China","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2019.e00664","article-title":"Identifying climate refugia and its potential impact on small population of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in China","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2013.11.028","article-title":"Environmental stratification to model climate change impacts on biodiversity and rubber production in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China","volume":"170","author":"Zomer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"5067","article-title":"Habitat suitability evaluation of Asian elephants in the Yuanjiang-Lixian River Basin. Based on meta-analysis and remote sensing big data analysis","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"6476","article-title":"Impacts of land use change on Asian elephant habitat in the South Rolling River Basin","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2009.06142.x","article-title":"ENMTools: A toolbox for comparative studies of environmental niche models","volume":"33","author":"Warren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"250","article-title":"Prediction of potential distribution area of Pseudostellaria based on Maxent model","volume":"27","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7323","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7323","article-title":"Predicting the potential distribution of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama), in China using the MaxEnt model","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"69","article-title":"Suitability analysis of Armyworm armyworm based on MaxEnt model","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Quar."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"2116","article-title":"Optimization of the maximum entropy model for species distribution prediction","volume":"30","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Lin, L. (2015). Study on Population Phenotypic Difference of Acer Camabra and Prediction of Potential Distribution Area. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Shaanxi Normal University]."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6281","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6281","article-title":"kuenm: An R package for detailed development of ecological niche models using Maxent","volume":"7","author":"Cobos","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.17520\/biods.2016265","article-title":"Effect of Maxent model complexity on prediction of potential distribution areas of species","volume":"24","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biodivers. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12268","article-title":"Is my species distribution model fit for purpose? Matching data and models to applications","volume":"24","author":"Elith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107762","article-title":"Prediction of potentially suitable areas for the introduction of Magnolia wufengensis under climate change","volume":"127","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1890\/10-1171.1","article-title":"Ecological niche modeling in Maxent: The importance of model complexity and the performance of model selection criteria","volume":"21","author":"Warren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"69","article-title":"Ecological environment satisfaction estimation based on knife cutting method in Kunming City","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8766","article-title":"Mitigate human-wildlife conflict in China","volume":"373","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12432","article-title":"Population viability analysis of small population: A case study for Asian elephant in China","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Integr. Zool."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jathanna, D., Karanth, K.U., Kumar, N.S., Karanth, K.K., and Goswami, V.R. (2015). Patterns and Determinants of Habitat Occupancy by the Asian Elephant in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133233"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Chen, Y., D\u00edaz-Sacco, J.J., Shi, K., and Corti, P. (2021). Assessing population structure and body condition to inform conservation strategies for a small isolated Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) population in southwest China. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248210"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Ying, J. (2021). MaxEnt Model to Predict the Impact of Climate Change on Potential Distribution of Endemic Viburnum in China. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-012-9728-1","article-title":"Functional connectivity of lynx at their southern range periphery in Ontario, Canada","volume":"27","author":"Aaron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, K.R., Anantharaman, R., Landau, V.A., Clark, M., Dickson, B.G., Jones, A., Platt, J., Edelman, A., and Shah, V.B. (2021). Circuitscape in Julia: Empowering Dynamic Approaches to Connectivity Assessment. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10030301"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19885","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706568104","article-title":"Circuit theory predicts gene flow in plant and animal populations","volume":"104","author":"McRae","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-016-0387-5","article-title":"Estimating landscape resistance from habitat suitability: Effects of data source and nonlinearities","volume":"31","author":"Annika","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12058","article-title":"Selecting thresholds for the prediction of species occurrence with presence-only data","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"8556","article-title":"Prediction of suitable habitats of Tibetan migratory locust in China based on MaxEnt","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"419","article-title":"On the Integrated Space and Sky Earth Observation Network","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"132","article-title":"Optimization of land cover classification accuracy of multi-source remote sensing products based on evidence theory","volume":"30","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"104","article-title":"Reflections on the Future Development of the Field Scientific Observation Research Network of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Chin. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"48","article-title":"Southward migration of wild elephants and forest destruction in China","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"1984","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"PR527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.06.049","article-title":"Elephants avoid costly mountaineering","volume":"16","author":"Jake","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03195197","article-title":"Habitat selection and the change in distribution of Asian elephants in Mengyang Protected Area, Yunnan, China","volume":"53","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Theriol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12854","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12854","article-title":"Overall protection of Asian elephants in China","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Conserv. Lett."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"813","article-title":"Spatial and temporal characteristics of extreme temperatures in Sipsongpanna, 1961\u20132010","volume":"32","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Resour. Dev. Market."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12668","article-title":"There will be conflict\u2014Agricultural landscapes are prime, rather than marginal, habitats for Asian elephants","volume":"24","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s42965-021-00154-5","article-title":"Characteristic of habitat suitability for the Asian elephant in the fragmented Ulu Jelai Forest Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia","volume":"62","author":"Lihan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10738","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10738","article-title":"Historical and current distribution ranges and loss of mega-herbivores and carnivores of Asia","volume":"9","author":"Mahmood","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(02)00335-X","article-title":"An initial study on habitat conservation of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), with a focus on human elephant conflict in Simao, China","volume":"112","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glaeser, S.S., Shepherdson, D., Lewis, K., Prado, N., Brown, J.L., Lee, B., and Wielebnowski, N. (2021). Supporting Zoo Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Welfare and Herd Dynamics with a More Complex and Expanded Habitat. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092566"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Z., Li, C., and Ding, C. (2021). The roaming wild Asian elephants of Yunnan, China, pose a challenge to conservation. Oryx, 55.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605321000879"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/4\/1047\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:35:42Z","timestamp":1760121342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/4\/1047"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs15041047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15041047","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]}}}