{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:57:42Z","timestamp":1773903462736,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European structural and investment funds","award":["68139800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["68139800"]}]},{"name":"SCIENCE\u2014Interferometry with Radar satellite data as a non-invasive tool for vulnerability assessment in cultural heritage areas (MIS 5050729)","award":["68139800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["68139800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main objective of this study was to investigate the stability of the Acropolis Hill, Greece, by developing a Rock Instability Model (RIM) based on fuzzy logic and remote sensing techniques. RIM aimed to identify locations on the rock formations of the Acropolis Hill that will potentially have instability issues due to the action of geomorphological factors, weathering and erosive processes. Six factors including lithology, slope angle, density of discontinuities, density of faults, density of surface runoff elements, and the orientation of the stratigraphy of the geological formations in relation to the orientation of the slope were considered as the most appropriate for implementing the proposed novel approach, with each variable classified and weighted by a fuzzy simple additive weighting method. Lithology and slope angle were considered the most significant variables that contributed to the overall stability of the Acropolis Hill. The outcomes of the RIM model were verified by remote sensing data and field observation, showing an agreement and high accuracy. From the satellite data analysis, it was concluded that for the entire Acropolis Hill, minor displacement rates were recorded, probably because of the extensive mitigation measures and consolidation works established in the recent past. Overall, the study highlighted the ability of the proposed methodology to be used as an alternative investigation tool in rock instability-related assessments valuable to land use planning and development, helping reduce the anticipated losses in highly susceptible zones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15041067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T01:36:52Z","timestamp":1676511412000},"page":"1067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Investigating the Stability of the Hill of the Acropolis of Athens, Greece, Using Fuzzy Logic and Remote Sensing Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1822-6510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantinos","family":"Loupasakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, Department of Geological Sciences, School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zographou Campus, 15773 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7396-4754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paraskevas","family":"Tsangaratos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, Department of Geological Sciences, School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zographou Campus, 15773 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6697-5359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros","family":"Gatsios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, School of Environment, Geography and Applied Economics, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Eleftheriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acropolis Restoration Service, Ministry of Culture and Sports, 10555 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Issaak","family":"Parcharidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, School of Environment, Geography and Applied Economics, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4153-3415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panteleimon","family":"Soupios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosciences Department, College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, P.O. Box 5070, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drinia, H., Tripolitsiotou, F., Cheila, T., and Zafeiropoulos, G. (2022). The Geosites of the Sacred Rock of Acropolis (UNESCO World Heritage, Athens, Greece): Cultural and Geological Heritage Integrated. Geosciences, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences12090330"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Andronopoulos, V., and Koukis, G. (1976). Engineering Geology Study in the Acropolis Area-Athens, IGME."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilotta, E., Flora, A., Lirer, S., and Viggiani, C. (2013). Geotechnics and Heritage: Case Histories, Taylor and Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/b14965"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Koukis, G., Pyrgiotis, L., and Kouki, A. (2015). 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