{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:30:30Z","timestamp":1772253030839,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52130804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52130804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["69A3551747135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["69A3551747135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000140","name":"USDOT Tier 1 University Transportation Center \u201cCooperative Mobility for Competitive Megaregions\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52130804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52130804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000140","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000140","name":"USDOT Tier 1 University Transportation Center \u201cCooperative Mobility for Competitive Megaregions\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["69A3551747135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["69A3551747135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000140","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cities exposed their vulnerabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Unprecedented policies restricted human activities but left a unique opportunity to quantify anthropogenic effects on urban air pollution. This study aimed to explore the underlying urban development issues behind these restrictions and support a sustainable transition. The data from ground stations and Sentinel-5P satellite were used to assess the temporal and spatial anomalies of NO2. Beijing China was selected for a case study because this mega city maintained a \u201cdynamic zero-COVID\u201d policy with adjusted restrictions, which allowed for better tracking of the effects. The time-series decomposition and prediction regression model were employed to estimate the normal NO2 levels in 2020. The deviation between the observations and predictions was identified and attributed to the policy interventions, and spatial stratified heterogeneity statistics were used to quantify the effects of different policies. Workplace closures (54.8%), restricted public transport usage (52.3%), and school closures (46.4%) were the top three restrictions that had the most significant impacts on NO2 anomalies. These restrictions were directly linked to mismatched employment and housing, educational inequality, and long-term road congestion issues. Promoting the transformation of urban spatial structures can effectively alleviate air pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15041068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T01:36:52Z","timestamp":1676511412000},"page":"1068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Quantifying the Effects of Different Containment Policies on Urban NO2 Decline: Evidence from Remote Sensing and Ground-Station Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5603-4611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima 739-8529, Japan"}]},{"given":"Bailing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima 739-8529, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3267-542X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima 739-8529, Japan"},{"name":"School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9290-5509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anrong","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Der A, R.J., Eskes, H.J., Boersma, K.F., Van Noije, T.P.C., Van Roozendael, M., De Smedt, I., Peters, D.H.M.U., and Meijer, E.W. 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