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Sea surface temperature (SST) is not only an important driven factor of sea ice concentration (SIC) changes but also an important medium of the ocean\u2013atmosphere interaction. However, the response of sea surface temperature to Arctic sea ice varies in different sea areas. Using the optimal interpolated SST data from the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) and SIC data from the University of Bremen, the temporal and spatial characteristics of SST and SIC in the Arctic above 60\u00b0N and their relationship are studied, and the melting and freezing time of sea ice are calculated, which is particularly important for the prediction of Arctic shipping and sea ice. The results show that (1) the highest and lowest monthly mean Arctic SST occur in August and March, respectively, while those of SIC are in March and September. The maximum trends of SST and SIC changes are in autumn, which are +0.01 \u00b0C\/year and \u22120.45%\/year, respectively. (2) There is a significant negative correlation between the Arctic SST and SIC with a correlation coefficient of \u22120.82. (3) The sea ice break-up occurs on Day of the Year (DoY) 143 and freeze-up occurs on DoY 296 in the Arctic. The melting and freezing processes lasted for 27 days and 14 days, respectively. (4) The Kara Sea showed the strongest trend of sea ice melting at \u22121.22 d\/year, followed by the Laptev Sea at \u22121.17 d\/year. The delay trend of sea ice freezing was the most significant in the Kara Sea +1.75 d\/year, followed by the Laptev Sea +1.70 d\/year. In the Arctic, the trend toward earlier melting of sea ice is smaller than the trend toward later freezing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15041095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T01:59:24Z","timestamp":1676599164000},"page":"1095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Changes in Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Concentration in the Arctic Ocean over the Past Two Decades"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Meng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1313-6313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yubao","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5263-6498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maoce","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8156-8412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI00101 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengxin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06502","article-title":"Vertical structure of recent Arctic warming","volume":"451","author":"Graversen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1360\/N972018-00462","article-title":"Recent advances in driving mechanisms of the Arctic amplification: A review","volume":"63","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. 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