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Foundation","award":["Grant No. 20200101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 20200101"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Youth Foundation of Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["Grant No. 2019CFA054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 2019CFA054"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spread-F (SF) is one of the most important types of the ionospheric irregularities as it causes ionospheric scintillation which can severely affect the performance and reliability of communication, navigation, and radar systems. The ionosonde provides the most effective and economical way to study the ionosphere and SF. However, the manual identification of SF from an ionogram is boring and hard work. To automatically identify SF on the ionogram and extend the study of SF into the middle and low latitudes of East Asia, this paper presents a statistical analysis of SF in this region, based on the na\u00efve Bayesian classifier. The results showed that the accuracy of automatic identification reached up to 97% on both the validation datasets and test datasets composed of Mohe, I-Cheon, Jeju, Wuhan, and Sanya ionograms, suggesting that it is a promising way to automatically identify SF on ionograms. Based on the classification results, the statistical analysis shows that SF has a complicated morphology in the middle and low latitudes of East Asia. Specifically, there is a peak of occurrence of SF in the summer in I-Cheon, Jeju, Sanya, and Wuhan; however, the Mohe station has the highest occurrence rate of SF in December. The different seasonal variations of SF might be due to the different geographic local conditions, such as the inland-coastal differences and formation mechanism differences at these latitudes. Moreover, SF occurs more easily in the post-midnight hours when compared with the pre-midnight period in these stations, which is consistent with the previous results. Furthermore, this paper extracts the frequency SF (FSF) index and range SF (RSF) index to characterize the features of SF. The results shows that the most intense FSF\/RSF appeared in the height range of 220\u2013300 km\/1\u20137 MHz in these stations, although there are different magnitude extensions on different season in these regions. In particular, strong spread-F (SSF) reached its maximum at the equinox at Sanya, confirming the frequent SSF occurrence at the equinox at the equator and low latitudes. These results would be helpful for understanding the characteristics of SF in East Asia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15041108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T01:36:37Z","timestamp":1676856997000},"page":"1108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Statistical Analysis of SF Occurrence in Middle and Low Latitudes Using Bayesian Network Automatic Identification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation (CRIRP), Qingdao 266107, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuaihe","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3215-6320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuangkai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Hubei University, Wuhan 430061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2692-9451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ061i004p00673","article-title":"Turbulence in the ionosphere with applications to meteor trails, radio-star scintillation, auroral radar echoes, and other phenomena","volume":"61","author":"Booker","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. 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