{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:52:23Z","timestamp":1768567943610,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]],"date-time":"2023-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Special Research Assistant Project of CAS"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the limitation of optical images that their waves cannot penetrate clouds, such images always suffer from cloud contamination, which causes missing information and limitations for subsequent agricultural applications, among others. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is able to provide surface information for all times and all weather. Therefore, translating SAR or fusing SAR and optical images to obtain cloud-free optical-like images are ideal ways to solve the cloud contamination issue. In this paper, we investigate the existing literature and provides two kinds of taxonomies, one based on the type of input and the other on the method used. Meanwhile, in this paper, we analyze the advantages and disadvantages while using different data as input. In the last section, we discuss the limitations of these current methods and propose several possible directions for future studies in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15041137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T01:36:37Z","timestamp":1676856997000},"page":"1137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["SAR-to-Optical Image Translation and Cloud Removal Based on Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks: Literature Survey, Taxonomy, Evaluation Indicators, Limits and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5109-3812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quan","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8068-9415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaochuang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6347-4973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2014.2319270","article-title":"The European Space Agency\u2019s Earth Observation Program","volume":"2","author":"Desnos","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. 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