{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T23:36:24Z","timestamp":1772235384928,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42274029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274029"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42104017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104017"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JDYC20220825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JDYC20220825"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["X21021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X21021"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Project","award":["42274029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274029"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Project","award":["42104017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104017"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Project","award":["JDYC20220825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JDYC20220825"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Project","award":["X21021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X21021"]}]},{"name":"Pyramid Talent Training Project of Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architectur","award":["42274029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274029"]}]},{"name":"Pyramid Talent Training Project of Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architectur","award":["42104017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104017"]}]},{"name":"Pyramid Talent Training Project of Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architectur","award":["JDYC20220825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JDYC20220825"]}]},{"name":"Pyramid Talent Training Project of Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architectur","award":["X21021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X21021"]}]},{"name":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","award":["42274029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274029"]}]},{"name":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","award":["42104017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42104017"]}]},{"name":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","award":["JDYC20220825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JDYC20220825"]}]},{"name":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","award":["X21021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X21021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dynamic response monitoring is of great significance for large engineering structural anomaly diagnosis and early warning. Although the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) has been widely used to measure the dynamic structural response, it has the limitation of a relatively low sampling rate. The micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) accelerometer has a high sampling frequency, but it belongs to the approaches of acceleration measurements as the absolute position is unavailable. Hence, in this paper, an integrated vibration monitoring system that includes a GNSS receiver and 3-axis MEMS accelerometers was developed to obtain the dynamic responses under the thunder loading. First, a new denoising algorithm for thunderstorm-induced vibration data was proposed based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) and the characteristics of white noise, and the low-frequency disturbance was separated from the GNSS displacement time series. Then, a power spectral density (PSD) analysis using data collected by the integrated system was carried out to extract low\/high natural frequencies. Finally, field monitoring data collected at Huanghuacheng, Hefangkou, and Qilianguan in Beijing\u2019s Huairou District were used to validate the effectiveness of the integrated system and processing scheme. According to the results, the proposed integrated GNSS\/MEMS accelerometer system can not only be used to detect thunder loading events, but also completely extract the natural frequency based on PSD analysis. The high natural frequencies detected from the accelerometer data of the four Great Wall monitoring stations excited by the thunderstorms are 42.12 Hz, 12.94 Hz, 12.58 Hz, and 5.95 Hz, respectively, while the low natural frequencies detected from the GNSS are 0.02 Hz, 0.019 Hz, 0.016 Hz, and 0.014 Hz, respectively. Moreover, thunderstorms can cause the Great Wall to vibrate with a maximum displacement of 14.3 cm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15041166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T01:39:28Z","timestamp":1676943568000},"page":"1166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An Integrated GNSS\/MEMS Accelerometer System for Dynamic Structural Response Monitoring under Thunder Loading"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Informatics, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Urban Big Data Applications, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7460-1261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Informatics, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Informatics, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Urban Big Data Applications, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Informatics, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuyang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Urban Big Data Applications, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, N., Chen, L., Liu, J., Wang, L., Tao, T., Wu, D., and Chen, R. 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