{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T06:48:00Z","timestamp":1768546080103,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a solution for autonomous orbit determination and time synchronization of spacecraft in Halo orbits around Lagrange points using inter-satellite links. Lagrange points are stable positions in the gravitational field of two large bodies that allow for a sustained presence of a spacecraft in a specific region. However, a challenge in operating at these points is the lack of fixed landmarks for orbit determination. The proposed solution involves using inter-satellite links to perform range and range-rate measurements, allowing for accurate computation of the spacecraft\u2019s orbit parameters without the need for any facilities on Earth. Simulations using a fleet of three satellites in Near Rectilinear Halo Orbits around the Earth\u2013Moon Lagrange point, proposed for the Lunar Gateway stations, were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. The results show that inter-satellite links can provide reliable and accurate solutions for orbit determination with a DRMS error lower than one meter (90th percentile) and synchronization errors of around one nanosecond. This solution paves the way for a fully autonomous fleet of spacecraft that can be used for observation, telecommunication, and navigation missions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T01:39:47Z","timestamp":1677029987000},"page":"1173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Fully Autonomous Orbit Determination and Synchronization for Satellite Navigation and Communication Systems in Halo Orbits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6007-6109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gheorghe","family":"Sirbu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8033-067X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"NASA (2022). 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