{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T03:23:31Z","timestamp":1772508211206,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NOAA Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS)","award":["2012\u20132014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\u20132014"]}]},{"name":"NASA\u2019s Carbon Monitoring System","award":["2012\u20132014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\u20132014"]}]},{"name":"World Bank Global Gas Flaring Reduction (GGFR) Partnership","award":["2012\u20132014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\u20132014"]}]},{"name":"Oil and Gas Climate Initiative (OGCI)","award":["2012\u20132014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\u20132014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present a new approach to subpixel infrared (IR) emitter detection in VIIRS mid-wave (MWIR) infrared bands M12\u2013M13 at night, based on the presence of a tightly clustered background diagonal present in full granule scattergrams of M12 versus M13 radiances. This diagonal is found universally in night-time VIIRS data collected worldwide. The diagonal feature is absent during the day due to solar reflectance. The existence of the diagonal is attributed to close spacing in the bandpass centers of the VIIRS\u2019 two MWIR bands. Apparently, the M12 and M13 emissivities are highly correlated to background objects, such clouds, ocean and land surfaces. The VIIRS Nightfire (VNF) algorithm detects pixels containing IR emitters based on their departure from the background diagonal. This paper outlines the method and compares VNF results with those from MODIS and VIIRS hotspot detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T01:39:47Z","timestamp":1677029987000},"page":"1189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Night-Time Detection of Subpixel Emitters with VIIRS Mid-Wave Infrared Bands M12\u2013M13"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9967-2389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Zhizhin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Group, Payne Institute for Public Policy, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0584-1098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Elvidge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Observation Group, Payne Institute for Public Policy, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7660-6215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Poyda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NRC \u201cKurchatov Institute\u201d, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5094423","article-title":"VIIRS Nightfire: Satellite Pyrometry at Night","volume":"5","author":"Elvidge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"474","article-title":"Joint polar satellite system (JPPS) VIIRS geolocation algorithm theoretical basis document (ATBD)","volume":"144","author":"Baker","year":"2011","journal-title":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Tech."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/14786449708620983","article-title":"On the division of energy in the emission-spectrum of a black body","volume":"43","author":"Wien","year":"1897","journal-title":"Lond. 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