{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:11:01Z","timestamp":1790035861090,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wetlands are important habitats for biodiversity and provide ecosystem services such as climate mitigation and carbon storage. The current wetland mapping techniques in Norway are tedious and costly, and remote sensing provides an opportunity for large-scale mapping and ecosystem accounting. We aimed to implement a deep learning approach to mapping wetlands with Sentinel-2 and LiDAR data over southern Norway. Our U-Net model, implemented through Google Earth Engine and TensorFlow, produced a wetland map with a balanced accuracy rate of 90.9% when validated against an independent ground-truth sample. This represents an improvement upon manually digitized land cover maps in Norway, which achieved accuracy rates of 46.8% (1:50,000 map) and 42.4% (1:5000 map). Using our map, we estimated a total wetland coverage area of 12.7% in southern Norway, which is double the previous benchmark estimates (5.6%). We followed an iterative model training and evaluation approach, which revealed that increasing the quantity and coverage of labeled wetlands greatly increases the model performance. We highlight the potential of satellite-based wetland maps for the ecosystem accounting of changes in wetland extents over time\u2014something that is not feasible with traditional mapping methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15051203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T04:33:56Z","timestamp":1677040436000},"page":"1203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Delineation of Wetland Areas in South Norway from Sentinel-2 Imagery and LiDAR Using TensorFlow, U-Net, and Google Earth Engine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Vegar","family":"Bakkestuen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Sognsveien, 0855 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2638-7162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zander","family":"Venter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Sognsveien, 0855 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0116-5718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra Jarna","family":"Ganer\u00f8d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7049 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), 7040 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Framstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Sognsveien, 0855 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2020.e01027","article-title":"Wetland ecosystem services research: A critical review","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. 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